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a&p exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| (epithelial tissue)single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm | simple squamous |
| (epithelial tissue) allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae | simple squamous |
| (epithelial tissue) location: kidney glomeruli, air sacs of the lungs, lining of the heart, blood vessel | simple squamous |
| (epithelial tissue) single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei | simple cuboidal |
| (epithelial tissue) function: secretion and absorption | simple cuboidal |
| (epithelial tissue) location: kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface | simple cuboidal |
| (epithelial tissue) single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei | simple columnar |
| (epithelial tissue) function: absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes & other substances, ciliated type propels mucus | simple columnar |
| (epithelial tissue) location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes and some regines of the uterus; small intestine | simple columnar |
| (epithelial tissue) single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia | pseudostratified columnar |
| (epithelial tissue) function: secretion, particularly of mucus, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action | pseudostratified columnar |
| (epithelial tissue) location: nonciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; trachea; upper respiratory tract | pseudostratified columnar |
| (epithelial tissue) thick membrane composed of several cell layers; surface cells are flattened | stratified squamous |
| (epithelial tissue) function: protects underlying tissues from areas subjected to abrasion | stratified squamous |
| (epithelial tissue) location: esophagus, mouth, and vagina | stratified squamous |
| (epithelial tissue) generally two layers of cubelike cells | stratified cuboidal |
| (epithelial tissue) function: protection | stratified cuboidal |
| (epithelial tissue) location: salivary gland duct, sweat glands, mammary glands | stratified cuboidal |
| (epithelial tissue) several cell layers, elongated cells with nuclei that looks stretched | stratified columnar |
| (epithelial tissue) function: protection, secretion | stratified columnar |
| (epithelial tissue) location: urethra | stratified columnar |
| (epithelial tissue) resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal | transitional |
| (epithelial tissue) function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ | transitional |
| (epithelial tissue) location: ureters, urinary bladder | transitional |
| hierarchy of organization (6 things) | chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal |
| necessary life functions (8) | boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth |
| 2 components of serosa membranes | visceral & parietal |
| homeostatic process (name the steps when theres a change in the variable) | change in variable ---> receptor ---> afferent signal ---> central processor ---> efferent signal ---> effector system |
| function of membrane proteins (5) | transport enzymes, receptor sites, intercellular junctions, cell-cell recognition, cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix attachment |
| they increase the surface area of the cell | microvilli |
| timpermeable junctions | tight junctions |
| anchoring junctions, lets fluid through | desmosones |
| allows electrical current to flow through; connects two membranes; internal orlds can functionally affect the other | gap junction |
| net movement of a substance down a concentration gradient; results from intrinsic kinetic energy; continues until a dynamic equilibrium is reached | diffusion |
| (type of diffusion) nonpolar substances that are lipid soluble pass directly through the lipid bilayer | simple diffusion |
| diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane | osmosis |
| solution with a greater solute concentration than inside a cell | hypertonic solution |
| solution with a lower solute concentration than inside a cell | hypotonic solution |
| lipid insoluble molecules that are too large to diffuse through membrane pores can move passively with carrier molecules | facilitated diffusion |
| cell uses energy to move substances across the membrane; transport molecules harvest energy from ATP to pump molecules against concentration gradients | active transport |
| when a substance is released from vesicle (membranous sac); fuses with the membrane and releases contents to outside | exocytosis |
| large substances progressively enclosed by membrane and taken into the cell | endocytosis |
| cellular eating | phagocytosis |
| cellular drinking | pinocytosis |
| cellular material inside the cell | cytoplasm |
| what the cytoplasmm is comprised of | cytosol & organelles |
| transduces energy into usebale cellular work | mitochondria |
| folds of the inner cellular membrane | cristae |
| site of protein synthesis | ribosomes |
| interactive system of membranes that interact either directly through physical contact or indirectly through vesicles | endomembrane system |
| membrane-enclosed sacs that are pinched off portions of membranes moving from one membrane to another | vesicle |
| endomembrane system includes what (5) | nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles |
| lacks ribosomes; synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroids; carbohydrate metabolism; detoxifies drugs; calcium storage | smooth ER |
| protein synthesis; has ribosomes; protein departs and is pinched off from here | rough ER |
| modifies, concentrates, and packages rough ER products | golgi apparatus |
| digestive compartements; membranous sac containing hydrolytic enzymes | lysosomes |
| network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm that form a framework for support and movement and regulation | cytoskeleton |
| thickest part of the cytoskeleton | microtubules |
| thinnest part of the cytoskeleton | microfilaments |
| most stable and permanent cytoskeletal element | intermediate filaments |
| neutralizes the hazardous byproducts; only organelle with one membrane | peroxisome |
| stores fluid and starches inside of the cell | vacuoles |
| space in between the cells | interstitial space |
| includes all events from a cell's formation until it divides; includes two major periods: interphase and cell division | the cell cycle |
| phase that starts from cell formation and ends at cell division | interphase |
| grwoth phase with little cell division-related activities | G1 |
| synthetic phase; DNA replicates | s phase |
| brief period of growth where enzymes and other proteins necessary for division are synthesized | g2 |
| 2 daughter cells are identical to the mother cell; no gain or loss of genetic material; serious of continuous events; lasts about two hours | mitosis |
| (mitosis) chromatin condenses to form chromosomes; chromosomes already replicated and consist of two sister chromatids; sister chromatids are connected by the centromere; nucleoli & nuclear envelope disappear; spindles attach to kinetochores | prophase |
| (mitosis) chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell; chromosomes line up on the "equatorial" plate | metaphase |
| (mitosis) centromeres of the chromosomes split, each chromatid is now a chromosome, kinetochore fibers contract ande pull chromosomes towards poles; poles are pushed apart to elongate the cell; shortest stage | anaphase |
| chromosome movement stops; chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin again; nuclear membrane reforms; nucleoli reform; spindles disassemble | telophase |
| peripheral microfilaments contract at the cleavage furrow to squeeze the cells apart | cytokinesis |
| gamete production; two consecutive divisions produce four daughter cells, each with half as many chromosomes as the mother cell | meiosis |
| (meiosis) chromosome form, nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear; synapsis | prophase 1 |
| homologous chromosomes form tetrads; crossover points form | synapsis |
| other name for synapsis | chiasmata |
| (meiosis) tetrads align on equatorial plate | metaphase 1 |
| (meiosis) centromeres do NOT break (sister chromatids remain paired); homologous chromosomes spearate, breaking at crossover points (exchange parts of chromosomes); paternal and maternal chromosomes are separated | anaphase 1 |
| increase in new cells | neoplasia |
| disorder arising from abnormal change in cell size | dystrophy |
| increase in size of cells | hypertrophy |
| disorder arising from abnormal change in cell number | dysplasia |
| increase in number of cells | hyperplasia |
| decrease in cell number | aplasia |
| unchecked growht of genetically abnormal cells | tumor |
| type of tumor - looks like normal tissue, grows slowly, does not invade | benign |
| type of tumor - poorly differentiated, grows fast, invasive, metastasize | malignant |
| tumor of epithelial origin | carcinoma |
| tumor of connective tissue origin | sarcoma |
| the study of the cause of a disease and the factors that lead to it | epidemiology |
| risk factors for cancer -----> host factors | age, sex, psychological factors, genetic factors |
| risk factors for cancer -----> environmental & lifestyle factors | geographic location, nutrition, occupation, cigarette smoking |
| accumulation of damage to the DNA over time; initiation of cancer | neoplastic transformation |
| mutagens that cause cancer | carcinogen |
| induce cell proliferation or growth | proto-oncogenes |
| inhibit growht of damaged cells | tumor suppressor genes |
| four tissue types | nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective |
| primary function of the nervous tissue | information processing |
| primary function of the muscle tissue | contraction to generate force |
| primary function of the epithelial tissue | cover exposed areas |
| primary function of the connective tissue | structure and support |
| cell types in the nervous tissue (2) | neurons & glia |
| cell types in the musccle tissue (3) | smooth, cardiac, skeletal |
| cell types in the epithelial tissue (5) | squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional, glandular |
| cell types in the connective tissue (6) | fibroblasts, white blood cells, mast cells, plasma cells, macrophages, adipocytes |
| are there fibers in nervous tissue? | no |
| are there fibers in the muscle tissue? | no |
| where are the fibers in the epithelial tissues? | basement membrane |
| where are the fibers in the connective tissue? | collagen, reticular, elastic |
| are there fluids in the nervous tissue? | yes; nutrient-rich, aqueous |
| are there fluids in the muscle tissue? | minimal |
| are there fluids in the epithelial tissue? | limited |
| are there fluids in the connective tissue? | depends on the type of connective tissue...... |
| the word that means "receives nervous innervation" (epithelial) | innervated |
| the word that means "contains no blood vessels" (epithelial) | avascular |
Created by:
aahenderson9
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