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A &P - Chap 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell | structural unit of all living things |
| cell theory (4) | 1. structural unit of life 2. organism is dependent on its cells 3. principle of complementarity 4. continuity of life has a cellular basis |
| principle of complementarity | cell activity is made possible by subcellular structures |
| 3 functions of plasma membrane | transporting things across membrane, interacting with other cells, generation and maintenance of a resting membrane potential |
| fluid mosaic model | membrane is fluid bilayer of phospholipids and protein molecules |
| integral proteins, function? | firmly inserted in lipid bilayer, transmembrane proteins |
| glycolipids | externally facing lipid molecules attached to sugar groups |
| peripheral proteins | not embedded in lipids, usually appended to exposed parts of integral proteins |
| glycocalex | sticky area at cell surface |
| microvilli | fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane that project from cell surface |
| tight junctions, how permeable? | protein molecules in adjacent cell membranes fuse together like a zipper, impermeable |
| desmosomes, held together by what? | mechanical couplings along the sides of adjacent cells to prevent their separation, held together by glycoprotein filaments |
| gap junctions function? | to allow direct passage of substances between cels |
| by what are cells connected in gap junctions? | connexons (transmembrane proteins) |
| interstitial fluid | extracellular fluid constantly bathing our cells |
| selectively permeable | allows some substances to pass through but not all |
| diffusion | tendency of molecules or ions to scatter themselves evenly throughout an environment |
| concentration gradient | molecules diffuse down this, from greater to lower |
| osmosis | diffusion of water |
| osmolarity | the total concentration of all solute particles in a solution |
| hydrostatic pressure | pressure exerted by water against the membrane |
| osmotic pressure | tendency to resist further water entry |
| tonicity | ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering their internal water volume |
| isotonic | normal |
| hypertonic leads to | crenation |
| hypotonic leads to | lyse |
| facilitated diffusion | protein carrier molecules allow particles to pass membrane |
| filtration | process by which water and solutes are forced through a body membrane by the hydrostatic pressure of blood |
| active transport (solute pumping) | requires ATP |
| passive transport | run by kinetic energy |
| solute pumps | mediate active transport against thr concentration gradient |
| K+ | intracellular |
| Na+ | extracellular |
| sodium-potassium ATPase | an ATP driven sodium-potassium pump that simultaneously moves both ions across membrane |
| 2 types of bulk transport | exocytosis, endocytosis |
| exocytosis | substances are moved from interior to exterior |
| endocytosis | substances are moved into the cell |
| 3 types of endocytosis | phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| phagocytosis | cell eats solid material |
| phagosome | membranous sac containing solid material eaten by cell |
| amoeboid motion | the flowing of cytoplasm into temporary pseudopods |
| pinocytosis | cell drinking |
| receptor mediated endocytosis | receptors on membrane only bind with certain molecules |
| clathrin | coats the receptor mediated endocytosis |
| membrane potential | voltage |
| cell's resting membrane potential? | -20 to -200 millivolts |
| all cells are said to be ______ | polarized (cell is negative compared to environment) |
| cytosol | viscous fluid of the cytoplasm |
| inclusions | non functioning units inside the cell (ex: fat, glycogen granules) |
| 2 functions of mitochondria | site of ATP synthase, powerhouse of cell |
| 1 function of ribosomes | sites of protein synthesis |
| 2 functions of rough ER | proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to golgi, external synthesizes phospholipids and cholesterol |
| smooth ER is site of 3 things? | lipid/steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, drug detoxification |
| 1 function of lysosomes | site of intracellular digestion |
| 1 function of peroxisomes | enzymes detoxify toxic substances |
| microfilaments, size and made of? | fine filaments, protein actin |
| intermediate filaments, what kind of fibers and composition? | protein fibers, composition varies |
| microtubules structure & made of? | cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins |
| 2 functions of centrioles | forms mitotic spindle and asters, bases of cillia and flagella |
| 1 function of cillia | movement |
| 1 function of flagella | movement |
| 3 functions of nucleus | control center, transmits genetic information, provides instruction for protein synthesis |
| 1 function of nucleoli | site of ribosome manufacture |
| 2 functions of nuclear membrane | separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm, regulates passage of substances to and from nucleus |
| 1 function of chromatin, composed of 2 things? | DNA constitutes the genes, DNA and histone proteins |
| secretory vesicles | discharge by exocytosis |
| basal bodies | centrioles forming the bases of cillia and flagella |
| nucleoplasm | colloidal fluid that holds chromatin and nucleoli |
| nucleosomes | spherical clusters of 8 histones connected by a DNA molecule |
| 4 cell life cycle stages? | G1 - S - G2 - Mitosis |
| G1 (growth 1) | rapid growth and metabolic activity |
| which 3 cell life cycles are interphase? | G1 - S - G2 |
| interphase is... | total period from cell formation to cell division |
| S (synthetic) | growth and DNA replication |
| G2 (growth 2) | enzymes and proteins needed for division are synthesized and moved to their positions |
| semiconservative replication (3 things) | 2 DNA molecules are formed, are original to the original DNA helix, and each contains 1 new and 1 old nucleotide strand |
| order of M phase (5 steps) | prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase - cytokinesis |
| mitosis | parcel out replicated DNA of mother cell into 2 daughter cells |
| cleavage furrow, 2 types of microfilaments | during cytokinesis, actin and myosin |
| benign neoplasm | local tumor |
| malignant neoplasms | cancerous cells |
| metastasis | ability to break from mother tumor and travel to other body organs |
| early prophase (1) | chromatin threads become chromosomes |
| late prophase (3) | mitotic spindle forms, spindle attaches to kinetochores, nuclear membrane dissolves |
| metaphase (1) | chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate |
| anaphase (2) | centromeres are split, chromosomes split |
| telophase (3) | chromosomes go back to threadlike chromatin, nuclear membranes form, mitotic spindle dissolves |
| triplet | a "word" that specifies a specific amino acid |
| genetic code | rules by which base sequence of a DNA gene are translated into protein structure |
| protein structure = | amino acid sequence |
| rRNA | forms part of the ribosomes |
| mRNA (3 steps) | forms "half DNA molecules" (codons), leaves nucleus and attaches to ribosome, translation begins |
| tRNA (3 steps) | becomes aminoacyl-tRNA, bonds via anticodon to mRNA codon sequence on ribosome, is released and ready to be recharged |
| transcription occurs... | inside nucleus |
| translation occurs... | cytoplasm |
| codon | corresponding 3 base sequence on mRNA to a triplet |
| transcription | transfer of info from DNA to mRNA |
| translation | base sequences are translated into amino acid sequences |
| anticodon | 3 base sequence on tRNA complementary to mRNA codon |
| hyperplasia | accelerated growth |
| atrophy | a decrease in size of an organ or body tissue |
Created by:
ngrable
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