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Chapter 1
Chapter 1 Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Three essential concepts | the complementarity of structure and function, the hierarchy of structural organization, and homeostasis. |
| Anatomy | studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. |
| Physiology | concerns the function of the body, in other words, how all body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities. |
| Gross, or macroscopic, anatomy | the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart lungs, and kidneys. |
| Regional anatomy | all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time. |
| Systemic anatomy | the anatomy of the body is studied system by system. |
| Surface anatomy | the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface. |
| Microscopic anatomy | concerns structures to small to be seen with the naked eye |
| cytology | considers the cells of the body |
| histology | the study of tissues |
| Developmental anatomy | traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span |
| Embryology | a subdivision of developmental anatomy concerns developmental changes that occur before birth |
| pathological anatomy | studies structural changes caused by disease |
| radiographic anatomy | studies internal structures as visualized by x-ray images or specialized scanning procedures |
| molecular biology | investigation of the structures of biological chemicals |
| renal physiology | concerns kidney function and urine production |
| neurophysiology | explains the workings of the nervous system |
| cardiovascular physiology | examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels |
| Principle of complementarity of structure and function | what a structure can do depends on its specific form |
| Chemical level | the simplest level of the structural hierarchy. |
| cellular level | the smallest units of living things |
| Tissue Level | groups of similar cells that have a common function. |
| organ level | discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function for the body. |
| Organ system | organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose. |
| Organismal level | represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to promote life. |
| maintaining boundaries | the internal environment (inside) remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it (outside). |
| Movement | includes the activities promoted by the muscular system. |
| Contractility | the muscles cell's ability to move by shorting. |
| Responsiveness Irritability | the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them. |
| Digestion | the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. |
| Metabolism | "a state of change" - a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. |
| Excretion | is the process of removing excreta, or wastes, from the body. |
| Reproduction | Can occur at the cellular or organismal level. The original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair. |
| Growth | an increase in size of a body part or the organism. |
| homeostasis | indicates a dynamic state of equilibrium, or a balance. literal translation is "unchanging" |
| variable | factor or event |
| receptor | a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes called stimuli |
| control center | determines the set point(level or rang eat which a variable is to be maintained analyzes the input it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course action |
| effector | provides the means for the control centers response |
| superior (cranial) | toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above |
| inferior(caudal) | away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below |
| anterior(ventral) | toward or at the front of the body; in front of |
| posterior(dorsal) | toward or at the back of the body; behind |
| medial | toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of |
| lateral | away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of |
| intermediate | between a more medial and a more lateral structure |
| proximal | closer toward the origin of the body part or to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
| distal | farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
| superficial (external) | toward or at the body surface |
| deep (internal) | away from the body surface; more internal |
| epi | upon, above |
| lumbus | loin |
| chondro | cartilage |
| ruq | right upper quadrent |
| luq | left upper quadrent |
| rlq | right lower quadrent |
| llq | left low quadrent |
Created by:
Sierra1995
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