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Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| functions of blood/ cardiovascular system | TRANSPORT (O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and cells) PROTECTION (inflammation, limits spread of infection, destroys harmful cells, neutralizes toxins, clotting) REGULATION (fluid balance, stabilizes pH of ECF, and temperature control) |
| blood composed of.... | PLASMA (serum & fibers), containing FORMED ELEMENTS: erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), platelets |
| hematocrit | centrifuge blood to separate components |
| proportions of formed elements & plasma in blood | erythrocytes settle to bottom (densest): 45%; buffy coat= platelets & white blood cells: 1%; plasma= 55% |
| 3 major categories of plasma proteins are.... & roles of blood proteins | fibrinogen, albumin, globulin; roles in clotting, defense, transport of solutes |
| fibrinogen | precursor of fibrin threads that help form BLOOD CLOTS formed by liver |
| albumin | smallest and most abundant contributes to viscosity and osmolarity, influences blood pressure, flow and fluid balance formed by liver |
| globulin | antibodies: provide immune system functions formed by lymphocytes |
| viscosity | thickness, resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting from cohesion of its particles; blood 4.5- 5.5x thicker than water |
| blood osmolarity | total molarity of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall; too HIGH --> blood absorbs too much water from other ECF; too LOW --> too much water retention in tissues: edema |
| Hypoproteinemia | deficiency of plasma proteins: dilute blood, not enough blood solutes; liver or kidney disease severe burns extreme starvation |
| Kwashiorkor | A form of severe malnutrition protein deficiency affects movements of bodily fluids swollen abdomen from fluid accumulation in abdominal cavity |
| Hemopoiesis | = production of blood |
| Hemopoietic tissue | 1. yolk sac; liver, spleen, thymus; red bone marrow (by childhood, produce all formed elements): pluripotent stem cells= in red bone marrow, can make all blood cells |
| Erythrocytes main function | carry OXYGEN from lungs --> cell tissues; carry CARBON DIOXIDE from cell tissues --> lungs |
| erythrocytes composed of.... | 33% hemoglobin (in cytoplasm), cytoskeleton proteins (membrane durability & resilience), carbonic anhydrase (produces CARBONIC ACID from water & CO2, gas transport & pH balance) |
| hemoglobin structure | 4 protein chains – globins & 4 heme groups |
| globins | 4 protein chains: 2 alpha, 2 beta chains; 5% CO2 in blood bound to globin; exceptions: Fetal (gamma) Hb replaces beta; Delta Hb replaces beta in small % of adult Hb molecules |
| heme | nonprotein; binds O2 to ferrous ion (Fe2+) @ its center |
| iron metabolism summary | ingest iron --> picked up from diet by blood --> transferred to liver--> binds to transferrin --> stores some of iron; LIVER gets out all iron for blood |
| erythrocyte production | pluripotent stem cell -->erythrocyte colony-forming unit --> erythroblast --> reticulocyte --> erythrocyte (mature cell) |
| erythrocyte homeostasis: negative feedback | stimulus for increasing erythropoeisis= low O2 (hypoxia/hypoxemia): high altitude increase in exercise loss of lung tissue in emphysema loss of blood |
| Erythrocytes Death, & Disposal | Worn RBCs lyse in spleen (spleen DETECTS worn out cells); Macrophages digest cell debris; hemoglobin degraded --> heme (--> biliverdin & iron), globin |
| erythrocyte disorder: Polycythemia | EXCESS of RBCs; may caused by cancer, dehydration, high altitude, or physical conditioning; results: ↑blood volume, ↑pressure, ↑viscosity |
| erythrocyte disorder: Anemia causes | DEFICIENCY of RBC; from inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis, hemorrhagic anemias from bleeding, hemolytic anemias: RBC destruction |
| erythrocyte disorder: Anemia consequences | tissue hypoxia and necrosis ↓ blood osmolarity, producing tissue edema ↓viscosity |
| erythrocyte disorder: specific anemias | Iron deficiency anemia, Pernicious anemia (B12 deficiency), Hypoplastic/aplastic anemia |
| sickle-cell disorder | Cells sickle under ↓O2 conditions, Sickled cells agglutinate (cytoskeleton changes shape) |
| Leukocytes=..... functions..... | WHITE BLOOD CELLS: Least abundant formed element; Protect against pathogens, Spend time in blood and connective tissue |
| granules | =lysosome called nonspecific (azurophilic) granules in all WBC; granulocytes have specific granules w/ enzymes/ chemicals employed in defense against pathogens |
| types of granulocytes | neutrophils, Eosinophils, basophils |
| neutrophils | Most Abundant Phagocytic, destroy bacteria |
| eosinophils | Respond to Parasitic worms and allergens |
| basophils | Release - Histamine (vasodilator, inflammation) Heparin (anit-coagulent) |
| agranulocytes include..... | lymphocytes and monocytes |
| lymphocytes | destroy cells beyond repair (cancer, foreign, virally infected), secrete antibodies --> immune memory, "present" antigens to activate other immune cells |
| monocytes | increased # in viral infections and inflammation; = MACROPHAGES after leaving blood; phagocytize pathogens and debris “present” antigens to activate other immune cells |
| leukocyte disorders: leukopenia | low WBC count ; causes: radiation, poisons, infectious disease consequences: elevated risk of infection |
| leukocyte disorders: Leukocytosis | high WBC count; causes: infection, allergy differential WBC count – identifies what percentage of the total WBC count consist of each type of leukocyte |
| leukocyte disorders: Leukemia | cancer of hemopoietic tissue: high level of WBC, but stem cells wear out, level drops; myeloid leukemia – ↑granulocyte production lymphoid leukemia - ↑lymphocyte or monocyte production |
| platelets | SMALL fragments of megakaryocyte cells complex internal structure amoeboid movement and phagocytosis |
| platelet functions | Limit blood loss (secrete vasoconstrictors- constrict blood vessels, Participate in hemostasis), Combat infection (phagocytize and destroy bacteria, attract neutrophils and monocytes) |
| hemostasis; mechanisms | the stopping of bleeding: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting (coagulation) |
| Hemostasis: blood clotting | Conversion of FIBRINOGEN into FIBRIN (via enzyme THROMBIN); activate one procoagulant (series of enzymes) and it will activate the next to form a reaction cascade |
| Hemostasis: extrinsic pathway | factors released by DAMAGED TISSUES begin cascade |
| Hemostasis: intrinsic pathway | factors found IN BLOOD (platelet degranulation) begin cascade |
Created by:
kpan
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