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all of the small molecules that cells have to use as needed
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substances that accelerate chemical reactions, usually a protein
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A&P II: Digest & Met
Mod 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| all of the small molecules that cells have to use as needed | nutrient pool |
| substances that accelerate chemical reactions, usually a protein | enzymes |
| Enzymes ________ anabolic & catabolic reactions necessary for a healthy metabolism. | facilitate |
| A controllable source of energy used for cellular functions. | chemical energy |
| ATP used in anabolic reactions which build complex molecules is supplied via catabolic reactions in which ______ moles are broken down into simpler components & ATP is released. | food |
| formula for the breakdown of ATP to provide cellular energy | ATP -> ADP + P + energy |
| formula for the formation of ATP | ADP + P + energy -> ATP |
| The _______ of anabolism & catabolism occurs via ATP. | coupling |
| most important carbohydrate in cellular metabolism | glucose |
| preferred energy source for cellular metabolism | ATP |
| Cells obtain glucose by: 1) catabolism by glycolysis and 2) _________ | Kreb's cycle |
| C6H12O6 | a single mole of glucose |
| cells utilize glucose by transanimation, lipogenesis, lactation, glyco______ & gluconeogenesis | genesis |
| Process in which glucose to glycogen which is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle. | glycogenesis |
| When the liver is "full" of glycogen, excess glucose is converted to triglycerides & stored in | adipose tissue |
| Process in which glycogen is broken down to form glucose. | glycogenolysis |
| Process in which amino acids and glycerol combine to form glucose. | gluconeogenesis |
| Three types of lipids are cholesterol, phopholipid and ____________. | triglyceride |
| A triglyceride molecule is made up of 3 long chain fatty acids and a | glycerol |
| A lipoprotein is a complex of 4 components: proteins, cholesterol, triglycerides & | phospholipids |
| A lipid isn't water soluble; to make it transportable it's combined with a protein to make a | lipoprotein |
| Triglycerides are _________ by many cells to form ATP. (gluconeogenesis) | catabolized |
| A component of triglycerides, fatty acid phospholipids form cell __________. | membranes |
| A component of triglycerides, fatty acids are used to _______ other moles, i.e. paracrines, clotting factors, inflammatory mediators, etc. | synthesize |
| Cholesterol is used in the synthesis of steroid hormones & _______ ________. | bile salts |
| Cholesterol is a component of ___________. | cell membranes |
| Phospholipids are the _______ ______ of cell membranes, especially myelin sheaths. | building blocks |
| The brain can only use glucose as an energy ________. | source |
| Glucose: immediate energy, Triglycerides: _______ | energy storage |
| Triglycerides catalyzed by lipases to the components glycerol & fatty acids used to form ATP. | lipolysis |
| Stimulated by insulin, liver cells synthesize lipids from glucose on amino acids. | lipogenesis |
| Glycogen is the by product of broken down carbohydrates while glycerol is the by product of broken down fats. ______ be converted to glucose from these states. | Both |
| Fatty acid catabolism, which removes 2 carbon atoms to form acetyl CoA; occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. | beta oxidation |
| The preferential use of glucose and triglycerides for cellular energy. | protein sparing |
| As fats are broken down, acids called ketones build up in the blood and urine. In high levels, ketones are poisonous. This condition is called | ketoacidosis |
| During high rates of fatty acid catabolism, the intermediate compound _______ is formed. | ketone |
| To remove an the amino group (NH2) from an amino acid which is then turned into ammonia. | deamination |
| Liver cells produce ammonia (NH3) as a result of deamination which is turned into urea & excreted in the _______ system. | urinary |
| Excess dietary protein is converted to _________ & stored in adipose tissue. | triglycerides |
| The transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to pyruvic acid or to an acid in the Kreb's cycle. | transanimation |
| In what cell organelle does protein synthesis occur? | ribosomes |
| What molecules contain the "code" for protein synthesis? | DNA & RNA |
| What is the process called in which the DNA & RNA code is read? | translation |
| The key hormone in the absorptive state. | insulin |
| The key hormone in the post-absorptive state. | glucagon |
| Lipogenesis, uptake of glucose, & glycogenesis all happen in the _________ state. | absorptive |
| Glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis occur during the ___________ state. | post-absorptive |
| Glucagon is used to _______ the blood glucose. | raise |
| Insulin is used to ________ the blood glucose. | lower |
| _________ islets act as endergonic cells to produce insulin & glucagon. | Pancreatic |
| ______ cells in the pancreas produce insulin. | beta |
| ______ cells in the pancreas produce glucagon. | alpha |
| Insulin accelerates facilitated ________ of glucose into cells. | diffusion |
| epinephrine, _______, & growth hormone raise glucose levels in the blood | cortisol |
| Body heat is produced as the ____-_______ of metabolic reactions | by-product |
| The measurement of metabolic rate under basal conditions such as quiet resting & fasting. | basal metabolic rate |
| Elevation of core temperature caused by the resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat. | fever |
| Two skin responses to heat: sweat & | vasodilation |
| Two physiological responses to cold: shiver and | vasoconstriction |
| The thermoreceptors for body temperature regulation are located in the preoptic area in the ____________ & in the skin. | hypothalamus |
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