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API Final
Chapters 1-18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mediastinum is the central compartment of the ______ cavity | thoracic |
| systemic anatomy is the study of | organs of one system |
| the forearm is in what region of the body | antebrachial |
| The ____ level of organization is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform a common function. | organ |
| The ____ cavity is located inferior to the diaphragm and superior to a horizontal line drawn between the superior edges of the hip bones? | abdominal |
| Which medical imaging technique uses modified x-rays to prepare 3-D cross-sectional "slices" of the body? | computed tomography (CT) |
| The subdiscipline of anatomy that examines structures not readily seen by the unaided eye is _____ anatomy. | microscopic |
| responsible for synthesizing proteins in the cell | ribosomes |
| organelles housing digestive enzymes | lysosomes |
| _____ proteins are not embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. | Peripheral |
| organelle that sorts and packages molecules _____ _____ | Golgi apparatus |
| process of bulk export from the cell | exocytosis |
| internal protein framework in cytoplasm | cytoskeleton |
| diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane | osmosis |
| The phase in mitosis when DNA replication occurs is the _____ phase? | S |
| endocytosis of small amounts of fluid | pinocytosis |
| The nucleus is the control center and stores _____ _____. | genetic information |
| When a cell begins to divide, its chromatin forms _____. | chromosomes |
| Integral membrane proteins extend across the ____ layer. | phospholipid |
| Which expends ATP; active transport or facilitated diffusion? | active transport |
| Two plasma membrane structures that serve in cell recognition and act as a "personal ID card" for the cell | glycolipids and glycoproteins |
| ______ increases the outer surface area of the plasma membrane to increase absorption. | microvilli |
| Major functions of the Golgi apparatus are _____, _______, _______ of new molecules. | packaging, sorting and modification |
| Interphase of the cell cycle consists of the following parts: ______, ______, and G(2). | G(1), S |
| organelle that provides most of the ATP needed by the cell | mitochondrion |
| Which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids begin to move apart from each other at the middle of the cell? | anaphase (apart) |
| _____ muscle has no striations. | smooth |
| salivary glands are which type of secretion | merocrine |
| ground substance is part of the _____ _____ | extracellular matrix |
| What tissue type lines the small intestine lumen? _____ _____ epithelium | simple columnar |
| A goblet cell is an example of a/an _______ _______ gland. | unicellular exocrine |
| parallel arrangement of protein fibers is termed | dense regular connective tissue |
| lines blood vessel lumen | endothelium |
| ____ muscle contains intercalated discs. | cardiac |
| A scattered arrangement of protein fibers is termed? | dense irregular connective tissue |
| a characteristic of ALL epithelia | avascular |
| ____ ____ tissue contains calcified ground substance and is specialized for structured support. | Bone connective |
| predominant cell type in areolar connective tissue | fibroblast |
| preventing desiccation and providing surface lubrication within a body cavity are the functions of ______ membranes | mucous |
| simple epithelium is adapted for _____ and ______ | diffusion and filtration |
| Epithelium is selectively _______, is designed for______ ________ and the cells can produce ________ products. | permeable, physical protection, secretory |
| connective tissue type composed of cells called chondrocytes, may be surrounded by a covering called perichondrium | cartilage |
| ______ tissue is less able to maintain and repair itself and epithelium becomes ______. | aging, thinner |
| Which tissue type lines the trachea? ____ ____ ____ epithelium | pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
| ____ muscle consists of long, cylindrical, striated cells with multi-nulcei located at the periphery of the cell. | Skeletal |
| gland that releases its secretion by exocytosis into secretory vesicles | merocrine |
| composed of epidermis and dermis | integument |
| What are formed from stratum corneum? | fingernails |
| fibrous protein in epidermis | keratin |
| pigment-forming cells | melanocytes |
| most numerous epidermal cell | keratinocytes |
| a phagocytic cell (active in immune response) | epidermal dendritic cell |
| a layer of dense irregular connective tissue in dermis | reticular layer |
| What smooth muscle is attached to hair follicles? | arrector pili |
| "strawberry colored birthmarks" AKA | capillary hemangiomas |
| layer of the epidermis in which cells begin the process of keratinization | stratum granulosum |
| ____ glands communicate with skin surfaces only in the axillary, areolar, pubic and anal regions. | apocrine |
| Name 7 functions of the integumentary system. | protection, prevention of water loss, temp regulation, metabolic regulation, immune defense, sensory reception, excretion |
| layer of the dermis that contains areolar connective tissue and dermal papillae | papillary layer |
| Melanin is a pigment that accumulates inside ____? | keratinocytes |
| the layer of squamous epithelium that forms by the seventh week of development to give rise to the integument is the _____. | periderm |
| cells in the hair follicle that are responsible for forming hair | matrix |
| water loss due to evaporation of interstitial fluid through the surface of the skin is termed | insensible perspiration |
| specialized feature of an epithelium that consists of a reticular lamina and a basal lamina | basement membrane |
| type of cell that forms walls of kidney tubules, formed by epithelium, which functions in resorbing materials filtered from blood plasma such as nutrients, ions and water | simple cuboidal |
| non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is found lining all of the following except: oral cavity pharynx vagina esophagus small intestine | small intestine |
| formed by intramembranous ossification | flat bone of skull |
| contains concrete lamellae | osteon |
| formed from trabeculae | spongy bone |
| end of a long bone | epiphysis |
| organic components of bone matrix | osteoid |
| ____ hormone stimulates osteoclasts to become active. | parathyroid |
| lines medullary cavity | endosteum |
| responsible for bone resorption | osteoclasts |
| increases calcium absorption in intestine | vitamin d |
| Primary, inorganic, calcium phosphate mineral component of bone. | hydroxyapatite |
| pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium would be found lining portions of the ____ system | respiratory |
| type of epithelium most suited for high levels of diffusion and filtration a) simple squamous b) stratified squamous c) pseudostratified | a) simple squamous |
| endocrine glands lack ____ and secrete their products into the bloodstream or ____ fluid | ducts, interstitial |
| exocrine gland has 2 parts: a duct and a ____ portion | secretory |
| in connective tissue, the extracellular matrix consists of protein fiber and ____ ____ | ground substance |
| connective tissue proper is divided into 2 broad categories: loose and dense connective tissue - based upon the relative proportion of cells, ____ and ____ ____ | fibers, ground substance |
| most common and weakest type of cartilage: a) hyaline b) elastic c) areolar d) reticular | a) hyaline |
| There are 4 types of body membranes - select the exception. serous, synovial, mucous, cartilaginous, cutaneous | cartilaginous |
| The heart is confined within a double-walled serous membrane sac. The part of the membrane that is in contact with the heart is the ____ layer. | visceral |
| muscle that has elongated, multinucleate cells that are under voluntary control | skeletal |
| the immature cells that produce osteoid are called | osteoblasts |
| Hyaline cartilage is found in all the following structures EXCEPT A) trachea B) larynx C) pubic symphysis D) fetal skelaton | C) pubic symphysis |
| A small space within compact bone housing an osteocyte is termed a _____. | lacuna |
| Endochondral ossification begins with a _____ ____ model of bone. | hyaline cartilage |
| Production of a new bone increases rapidly as a result of increased ______ hormone production during ________. | sex, puberty |
| An epiphyseal line appears when the ____ growth ____ has ended. | epiphyseal plate |
| The condition of inadequate ossification that may accompany aging and is a result of of reduced calcification is called | osteopenia |
| A frature of the distal end of the radius that produces a characteristic "dinner fork" deformity is called a _____ fracture. | colles |
| A femur is an example of a _____ bone. | long |
| A large, rough projection of a bone is termed a ____. | tuberosity |
| muscle that is found in blood vessel walls: a) cardiac b) smooth c) skeletal | b) smooth |
| True or false: axons transmit signals away from the cell body | true |
| general name given to phenomenon that occurs when mature epithelium changes to a different form | metaplasia |
| with age, connective tissues: a) become thinner b) lose their blood supply c) lose their pliability and resiliency | c) lose their pliability and resiliency |
| 2 types of cells that make up the nervous system: neurons and ____ cells | glial |
| location of the supraorbital foramen | frontal bone |
| location of the foramen magnum | occipital bone |
| Which bone houses the petrous part? | temporal bone |
| location of the sella turcica | sphenoid bone |
| location of the cribriform plate | ethmoid bone |
| location of the mental protuberance | mandible |
| location of the transverse foramina | frontal bone |
| location of the costal demifacets | thoracic vertebrae |
| location of the xiphoid process | sternum |
| upper jaw is called the ____ | maxillae |
| Name the bones that form the hard palate. ____ bones and ____ | palatine, maxillae |
| The bony portion of the nasal septum is formed by the perpendicular plate of the ______ bone and the ____. | ethmoid, vomer |
| The mandible articulates with the ____ bone. | temporal |
| Some muscles that control the tongue and larynx are attached to the ____ ____. | hyoid bone |
| The frontal and perietal bones articulate at the _______ suture. | coronal |
| The compression of an infant's skull bones at birth is facilitated by space between unfused cranial bones called: | fontanelles |
| All of the following are openings in the sphenoid EXCEPT the A) foramen rotundum B) hypoglossal canal C) foramen spinosum D) optic canal | B) hypoglossal canal |
| Each temporal bone articulates with the (5) | occipital, zygomatic, sphenoid, parietal bones and mandible |
| The _____ vertebrae have a long spinous process that is angled inferiorly. | thoracic |
| The clavicles articulate with the _____ of the sternum. | manubrium |
| lateral malleolus | fibula |
| supraspinous fossa | scapula |
| talus | tarsal bone |
| The part of the humerous that articulates with the ulna is termed | capitulum |
| radial notch | ulna |
| acetabulum | os coxae |
| lesser trochanter | femur |
| medial malleolus | tibia |
| sternal end | clavicle |
| lunate | carpal bone |
| The female pelvis typically has a ______ subpubic angle greater than _______ degrees. | wide, 100 |
| The posterior surface depression at the distal end of the humerous is the ____ ____. | olecranon fossa |
| The spine of the scapula separates which two fossa? | infraspinous, supraspinous |
| The femur articulates with the tibia at the femur's medial and lateral _______. | condyles |
| The bony feature palpated on the dorsolateral side of the wrist is the ____ ____ of the ____. | styloid process, radius |
| Identify the bone that articulates with the os coxae at the acetabulum. | femur |
| Which of the following is a carpal bone? A. cuneiform b. cuboid c. trapezium d. talus | c. trapezium |
| When sitting upright, you are resting on your ____ ____. | ischial tuberosities |
| The two prominent bumps you can palpate on the sides of your ankle are the medical and lateral ____. | malleolus |
| The glenoid cavity articulates with which bone feature? | head of the humerous |
| thin strand of pia mater, helps anchor spinal cord to coccyx | filum terminale |
| 5 parts of spinal cord from superior to inferior | cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal |
| space associated with spinal cord meninges that contains cerebrospinal fluid | subarachnoid space |
| communication route between right and left sides of gray matter in spinal cord, contains unmyelinated axons | gray commissure |
| nuclei in lateral horns, innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands | autonomic motor nuclei |
| posterior ramis of a typical spinal nerve innervate the deep muscles and skin of the ____. | back |
| plexuses that lie on either side of the neck are | cervical |
| plexus that supplies the upper limbs | brachial |
| arm injury - cannot extend forearm, wrist and digits - suspected damage of which nerve? | radial |
| arrange the following order of events during a reflex: a) impulse travels through sensory neuron to CNS b) stimulus activates receptor c) interneurons process information d) motor neuron transmits impulse to effector e) effector responds | b, a, c, d, e |
| adult spinal cord ends at ____ vertebrae | L1 |
| tapering inferior end of spinal cord, marks the "end" of spinal cord proper: ____ ____ | conus medullaris |
| group of axons inferior to conus medullaris is: ____ ____ | cauda equina |
| thin strand of pia mater that helps anchor the conus medullaris to the coccyx: ____ ____ | filum terminale |
| narrow groove on posterior side of external spinal cord: ___ median ___ | posterior, sulcus |
| wider groove on anterior external surface of spinal cord: ___ median ___ | anterior, fissure |
| enlargement that contains neurons that innervate the upper limbs | cervical |
| enlargement that contains neurons that innervate the lower limbs | lumbosacral |
| the spinal cord has _____ pairs of nerves | 31 |
| spinal nerves are considered mixed nerves because they contain both ____ and ____ axons | motor and sensory |
| The spinal cord contains how many cervical nerves? | 8 cervical nerves |
| The spinal cord contains how many thoracic nerves? | 12 thoracic nerves |
| The spinal cord contains how many lumbar nerves? | 5 lumbar nerves |
| The spinal cord contains how many sacral nerves? | 5 sacral nerves |
| The spinal cord contains how many coccygeal nerves? | 1 coccygeal nerve |
| spinal cord is protected by spinal cord ____ | meninges |
| structures that encircle the spinal cord from outermost to innermost: vertebra, ____ space, ____ mater, subdural space, ____ mater, ____ space, ____ mater. | epidural, dura, arachnoid, subarachnoid, pia |
| epidural space lies between dura mater and ____ | periosteum |
| epidural space houses areolar connective tissue, ____ ____ ____, and blood vessels. | adipose connective tissue |
| most external of meninges, deep to epidural space | dura mater |
| a potential space that separates dura mater from arachnoid mater | subdural space |
| real space, deep to arachnoid space, contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | subarachnoid space |
| innermost layer, composed of collagen and elastic fibers: ___ mater | pia |
| paired, lateral triangular extensions of pia mater that attach to dura mater: ____ ligaments | denticulate |
| What is the purpose of denticulate ligaments? | help suspend and anchor spinal cord laterally to dura mater |
| gray matter of spinal cord contains dendrites and cell bodies of neurons and glial cells and ____ axons, whereas white matter is composed primarily of ____ axons. | unmyelinated, myelinated |
| grey matter may be subdivided in to four components: anterior horns, ____ horns, posterior horns and ____ commissure. | lateral, gray |
| anterior horns house cell bodies of ____ ____ neurons which innervate skeletal muscle | somatic motor |
| ____ horns contain the cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons, which innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and ____. | Lateral, glands |
| The left and right posterior masses of grey matter, the posterior horns, house ____ of sensory neurons and cell bodies of ____. | axons, interneurons |
| The central canal is surrounded by grey ____. | commissure |
| The purpose of grey commissure is to communicate between right and left sides of ____ matter. a) grey b) white | a) grey |
| functional groups of neuron cell bodies within grey matter | nuclei |
| What type of nuclei in posterior horns contain interneuron cell bodies? a) motor nuclei b) sensory nuclei | b) sensory nuclei |
| What type of sensory nuclei receive information from sensory receptors, such as pain or pressure? | somatic sensory |
| _____ sensory nuclei receive information from sensory receptors, such as stretch in smooth muscle walls. | visceral |
| ____ nuclei in the anterior and lateral horns send nerve impulses to muscles and glands. | Motor |
| The ____ motor nuclei in the anterior horns innervate skeletal muscle. | Somatic |
| The ____ motor nuclei in the lateral horns innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands. a) somatic b) autonomic | b) autonomic |
| White matter on each side of the spinal cord is partitioned into 3 funiculi: posterior, ___, and ___. | lateral, anterior |
| Axons within funiculus are organized into tracts or ____ | fasciculi |
| Each funiculus region contains both motor and ___ axons. | sensory |
| Spinal nerves contain 3 types of successive connective tissue wrappings: ___, perineurium and ___. | endonerurium, epineurium |
| Anterior rootlets merge to form a single anterior root and contain ____ axons only. a) motor b) sensory | a) motor |
| Posterior rootlets are derived from a single posterior root and contain ____ axons only. a) motor b) sensory | b) sensory |
| Each anterior and posterior root unite to form a ____ nerve. | spinal |
| After leaving the intervertebral foramen, a typical spinal nerve splits into branches called ____. | rami |
| The smaller of the two main branches is called the ____ ramus and innervates the deep muscles and skin of the ____ | posterior, back |
| The larger of the two rami is the ____ ramus. a) anterior b) posterior | a) anterior |
| The anterior ramus innervates the ____, upper limbs and ____ ____ | trunk, lower limbs |
| Rami communicantes contain axons associated with which nervous system? a) motor b) sensory c) autonomic | c) autonomic |
| Specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve | dermatome |
| All spinal nerves except ____ innervate a segment of skin. | C1 |
| Pain from one organ is mistakenly referred to a dermatome. This is called ____ ____ pain. | referred visceral |
| A nerve ____ is a network of interweaving anterior rami of spinal nerves | plexus |
| There are 4 principal plexuses: cervical, ____, ____, and ____. | brachial, lumbar, sacral |
| Name of nerve that innervates the diaphragm | phrenic nerve |
| The ____ plexus is formed from anterior rami of C1-C4 and innervates the ____, portions of ____ and ____. | cervical, neck, head, shoulders |
| Which plexus innervates most of the lower limb? | sacral |
| Which plexus innervates the anterior and medial thigh and skin of the medial leg? a) sacral b) lumbar | b) lumbar |
| Which plexus innervates the upper limb? | brachial |
| Nerve T12 is called a ____ nerve. | subcostal |
| Spinal nerves originate from ____ and ____ rootlets. | anterior, posterior |
| inflammation of spinal cord | myelitis |
| What term means a reflex response is diminished or absent? | hypoactive |
| 5 roots unite to form the superior, middle and inferior trunks in the ____ triangle of the neck. | posterior |
| The ____ nerve innervates most of the anterior forearm muscles, thenar muscles and and lateral two lumbricals. a) median b) radial c) ulnar | a) median |
| Which nerve innervates the anterior arm muscles? | musculocutaneous |
| The ____ nerve innervates the posterior arm muscles. | radial |
| Which nerve innervates some of the anterior forearm muscles and most of the intrinsic hand muscles? | ulnar |
| Which nerve supplies the anterior thigh muscles? a) medial b) femoral | b) femoral |
| The ____ nerve innervates the medial thigh. a) obturator b) femoral c) tibial | a) obturator |
| The ____ nerve innervates the hamstrings. | tibial |
| Which nerve innervates the short head of the biceps femorus muscle? ____ ____ | common fibular |
| The ____ fibular nerve innervates the anterior leg muscles. a) superficial b) deep | b) deep |
| The ____ ____ nerve innervates the lateral compartment muscles of the leg. a) superficial fibular b) deep fibular | a) superficial fibular |
| ____ response occurs the same way every time. a) autonomic b) sensory c) motor | a) autonomic |
| Nerve impulse travels through sensory neuron to the ___. a) PNS b) CNS c) ANS | b) CNS |
| Information from nerve impulse is processed in the integration center by ____. | interneurons |
| ____ neuron transmits nerve impulse to effector. | Motor |
| Effector responds to nerve impulse from ____ neuron. | motor |
| A reflex arc is termed ____ when both the receptor and effector organs of the reflex are on the same side of the spinal cord. | ipsilateral |
| A reflex arc is ____ when the sensory impulses from a receptor organ cross over throughout the spinal cord to activate effector organs in the opposite limb. | contralateral |
| The simplest of all reflexes. Sensory axons synapse directly on motor neurons, whose axons project to the effector. | monosynaptic |
| Polysynaptic reflex arc initiated by a painful stimulus. | withdrawal |
| Monosynaptic reflex that monitors and regulates skeletal muscle length. | stretch |
| Polysynaptic reflex that prevents skeletal muscle from tensing excessively. ___ ___ reflex | Golgi tendon |
| Rythmic oscillations between flexion and extension when the muscle reflex is tested. | clonus |
| A hollow ____ canal in the neural tube develops into the central canal of the spinal cord. | neural |
| Horizontal groove, formed by sixth week of development in lateral walls of central canal. ____ ____ | sulcus limitans |
| ____ plates lie anterior to sulcus limitans. | Basal |
| Basal plates develop into anterior and ____ horns. a) posterior b) lateral | b) lateral |
| ____ plates develop into posterior horns by ninth week of development. a) Alar b) Basal | a) Alar |
| The posterior, lateral, and anterior funiculi are in the ____ matter of the spinal cord. a) white b) grey | a) white |
| The components of the cranial and spinal nerves form from ____ crest cells. | neural |
| The main nerve of the sacral plexus is the sciatic nerve, which divides into the ____ and common ____ nerves. | tibial, fibular |
| The main nerves of the lumbar plexus are the ____ nerve and the obturator nerve. | femoral |
| The epidermis keratinized stratified ______ epitheliam. | squamous |
| Place in order from superficial to deep. A) spinosum B) granulosum C) Basale D) Lucidum E) Corneum | E,D,B,A,C |
| Thick skin is _____ limited in distribution than thin, ranges from _____ to _____ mm and has ____ glands. | more, 400-600, sweat |
| skin markings that usually disappear during childhood | capillary hemangiomas |
| Name five components of the dermis | sweat glands, hair follicles, collagen fibers, sensory nerve endings, smooth muscle tissue |
| Location of blood capillaries that supply epidermis | dermal papillae |
| vasoconstriction causes ______ skin | pale |
| where do males accumulate subcutaneous fat | neck, upper arms, abs, lower back, butt |
| Actively growling part of nail | nail matrix |
| Type of hair that forms male beards | terminal |
| part of hair extending beyond skin surface | shaft |
| structure responsible for goosebumps | arrector pili muscle |
| 4 components of sweat | sodium, water, metabolites, and waste products |
| The secretion of ceruminous glands forms ______ which is waterproof, traps small insects, lubricates ______ and contains sebum and exfoliated ________. | Cerumen, eardrum, keratinocytes |
| Joint btw sternum and clavical | sternoclavicular joint |
| Joint btw tooth and jaw | gomphosis |
| Sack filled with synovial fluid | bursa |
| palm faces posteriorly | pronation |
| palm faced anteriorly | supination |
| standing on tiptoe is called ______ flexion | plantar |
| What has anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus | intervertabral disc |
| articulation among tibia, fibula and talus - name the joint | talocrural joint |
| Menisci is located in which joint | knee joint |
| ligament of head of femur located in which joint | hip joint |
| Joint with greatest range of mobility | glenohumeral joint |
| foot movement that turns sole laterally | eversion |
| Formed when two bones previously connected in a suture fuse | synotosis |
| which ligament helps to maintain alignment of condyles between femur and tibia, limits anterior movement of tibia on femur | anterior cruciate ligament |
| Muscles that primarily stabilize glenohumeral joint | rotator cuff |
| Movement can occur in two planes in ______ articulation | biaxial |
| Metacarpophalangeal (MP joint) that has oval articulating surfaces and permits movement in two planes | condylar |
| 3 Functions of synovial fluid | lubrication, provides nutrients, shock absortion |
| 3 movements possible at radialcarpal joint | circumduction, flexion, abduction |
| connective tissue covering fascicle of muscle | perimysium |
| sarcomere region with thin filaments only | I band |
| muscle fiber plasma membrane | sarcolemma |
| the more mobile attachment of a muscle | insertion |
| functional contractile unit of skeletal muscle fiber | sarcomere |
| easily fatigued muscle fiber type | fast fiber |
| muscle that surrounds an opening | circular |
| protein in thick filaments | myosin |
| unit of muscle structure composed of bundles of myofibrils, enclosed within sarcolemma and surrounded by a connective tissue covering called endomysium | muscle fiber |
| During contraction of muscle fiber, do myofibrils lengthen or shorten? | shorten |
| In a ____ muscle, the fibers are widespread over a broad area and joined at a common attachment site | convergent |
| in skeletal muscle fiber, a triad is composed of one ____ ____ and two ____ ____ | transverse tubule, terminal cisternae |
| during development, the ____ of a somite gives rise to a skeletal muscle | myotome |
| A synaptic knob is an expanded tip of a/an ____ at a ____ junction. | axon, neuromuscular |
| bundles of dense regular connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone | tendon |
| number of satellite cells ____ in skeletal muscle due as a result of aging | decreases |
| function of platysma muscle (TV) | tenses skin of neck |
| 3 functions of the buccinator | compresses cheeks, keeps food in mouth, suckling |
| function of lateral rectus | moves eye laterally |
| function of temporalis | elevates and retracts mandible |
| function of levator ani | supports pelvic floor and viscera |
| function of digastric muscle | depresses mandible |
| function of external intercostal | elevates ribs |
| function of styloglossus | elevates and retracts tongue |
| function of zygomaticus major | elevates angles of mouth |
| function of spinalis group | extends vertebral column |
| function of geniohyoid muscle | elevates hyoid bone |
| when the left and right ____ contract, they flex the neck | sternocleidomastoid |
| when this large muscle contracts, the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity increase | diaphragm |
| Which of the following is NOT a muscle within the urogenital triangle? A. bulbospongiosus B. coccygeus C. superficial transverse perineal D. ischiocavernosus | B. coccygeus |
| The muscle that does Not cause some lateral movement in the eye? A. inferior rectus B. inferior oblique C. lateral rectus D. superior oblique | A. inferior rectus |
| Which muscle allows you to stick out your tongue? | genioglossus |
| Each of these muscles can laterally flex the vertebral column EXCEPT A. external oblique B. transverse abdominis C. spinalis D. internal oblique | C. spinalis |
| Which muscle is NOT involved in extending the head or neck? A. rectus capitis posterior major B. longissimus capitis C. sternocleidomastiod D. splenius cervicis | C. sternocleidomastiod |
| One function of the transverse abdominis muscle is to ____ the abdominal wall. | compress |
| Which muscle protrudes the lower lip (pout) | mentalis |
| muscle : serratus anterior | protracts scapula |
| Which muscle elevates the scapula? | rhomboid major |
| The teres minor ____ ____ the humerus. | laterally rotates |
| The deltoid is the prime _____ of the humerus. | abductor |
| Which muscle pronates the forearm? | pronator teres |
| What is the connective tissue band in muscle? ____ ____ | extensor retinaculum |
| The quadriceps femoris ____ the leg. | extends |
| Muscle that adducts and flexes thigh. | pectineus |
| Muscle that plantar flexes foot. | soleus |
| muscle: tibialis anterior | dorsiflexis foot |
| The dorsal interossei muscles in the hand ____ fingers 2-5. | abduct |
| The contraction of the ____ ____causes medial rotation of the thigh. | gluteus minimus |
| muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg _____ the foot and ____ the toes | dorsiflex, extend |
| The _____ is one of the muscles that flex the forearm. | brachioradialis |
| The quadriceps femoris is composed of what muscles | vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, vastus intermedius |
| Thumb opposition is caused by contraction of the ____ _____muscle. | opponens pollicis |
| The ______ flexes the knee and causes a slight medial rotation to "unlock" the knee joint. | popliteus |
| Eversion of the foot is caused by the contraction of the _____ _____ muscle | fibularis brevis |
| The _____ muscles originate on the ischial tuberosity and extend the thigh plus flex the leg? | hamstring |
| The ____ causes plantar flexion of the foot | gastrocnemius |
| latissimus dorsi forms part of the _____ _____ fold | posterior axillary |
| venipuncture performed here _____ _____ | cubital fossa |
| fleshy part of external ear | auricle |
| its spine may be palpated on the back | scapula |
| common place for an intramuscular injection | deltoid |
| lumbar puncture performed here | L(4) spinous process |
| costal cartilage of second ribs attach here _____ _____ | sternal angle |
| vertical depression inferior to nose and superior to lips | philtrum |
| _____ _____ can be palpated in the nuchal region of the neck | Cervical vertebrae |
| The _____ _____ muscle forms the anterior axillary fold | pectoralis major |
| The _____ nerve is pinched when you hit your funny bone | ulnar |
| What surface anatomy can not be easily palpated on obese people? _____ _____ | iliac crests |
| The ____ ____ is the inferior edge of the rib cage. | costal margin |
| eyebrows are located on the _____ _____ | superciliary arches |
| artery that can be palpated between the tendons of the flexor carpi radialis and the brachioradialis | radial |
| the great and small saphenous veins are located in the | leg |
| the triangle of auscultation is formed by all of the following muscles EXCEPT A. trapezius B. rhomboid minor C. latissimus dorsi D. rhomboid major | B. rhomboid minor |
| transmits motor information | motor nervous system |
| _______ muscle fiber is an effector | skeletal |
| maintains myelin sheaths in CNS ____ | oligodendrocyte |
| ____ substance stains darkly with basic dyes | chromatophilic |
| side branches of axons | collaterals |
| microglial cells respond to CNS ______ | infection |
| describe multipolar neurons | neurons with multiple dendrites |
| function of interneuron | communication between sensory and motor neurons |
| chemical synapse uses a ______ | neurotransmitter |
| neuron part that usually receives incoming impulses | dendrite |
| cell body of a mature neuron does not contain a _____ | centriole |
| neurons that have only two processes attached to the cell body are called | bipolar |
| neurons are located only within the CNS are | interneurons |
| a structure or cell that collects sensory information is a | receptor |
| glial cells that help produce CSF in the CNS are _____ cells. | ependymal |
| type of cell that transmits, transfers, and processes a nerve impulse | neuron |
| The type of neuronal pool that utilizes nerve impulse feedback to repeatedly stimulate is the _____ circuit. | reverberating |
| At an electrical synapse, presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes interface through _____ _____. | gap junctions |
| thick, dense irregular connective tissue layer enclosing the nerve | epineurium |
| The _____ has nuclei for CN III and CN IV. | mesencephalon |
| Part of brain that houses autonomic centers for heart rate and respiration _____ _____. | medulla oblongata |
| dura mater fold between cerebral hemispheres _____ _____ | falx cerebri |
| The ____ nerve innervates most of the thoracic and abdominal organs. | vagus |
| The ____ lobe contains motor speech area. | frontal |
| The ____ lobe contains the primary auditory cortex. | temporal |
| The ____ nerve innervates the lateral rectus. | abducens |
| responsible for involuntary arm swinging _____ _____ | cerebral nuclei |
| visual reflex centers _____ _____ | superior colliculi |
| sensory information relay center | thalamus |
| Which cranial nerve has three divisions (ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular) | trigeminal (CN V) |
| The subdivision of the brain that does not initiate somatic motor movements, but rather coordinates and fine-tunes those movements | cerebellum |
| The visual reflex center is housed within the _____ _____. | superior colliculus |
| Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? A. controls endocrine system B. regulates sleep-wake cycles C. initiates voluntary skeletal muscle movement | C. initiates voluntary skeletal muscle movement |
| The _____ _____ is located within the ventricles of the brain and is composed of ependymal cells and capillaries. | choroid plexus |
| The _____ _____ are descending motor tracts on the anterolateral surface of the mesencephalon. | cerebral peduncles |
| Which central lobe is located immediately posterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus? _____ _____ | parietal lobe |
| The primary motor cortex is located in which cerebral structure? _____ _____ | precentral gyrus |
| The _____ _____ are the isolated, innermost gray matter areas near the base of cerebrum, inferior to the lateral ventricles. | cerebral nuclei |
| Which structure in the brain contains some autonomic centers involved in regulating respiration? | pons |
| hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla | norepinephrine |
| network of pre and postganglionic axons _____ _____ | autonomic plexus |
| second ANS neuron | ganglionic neuron |
| controls entire ANS function | hypothalamus |
| fight-or-flight division _____ _____ | sympathetic division |
| contains sympathetic postganglionic axons only _____ _____ | gray ramus |
| preganglionic axons to prevertebral axons | splanchnic nerve |
| Sympathetic trunk _____ are lateral to the spinal cord | ganglia |
| craniosacral division of nerves "rest and digest" _____ _____ | parasympathetic division |
| neurotransmitter for all preganglionic axons | acetylcholine |
| The principle bone salt that provides compressional strength to bone. | hydroxyapatite |
| gray matter of spinal cord contains dendrites and cell bodies of neurons and glial cells and ____ axons, whereas white matter is composed primarily of ____ axons. | unmyelinated, myelinated |
| grey matter may be subdivided in to four components: anterior horns, ____ horns, posterior horns and ____ commissure. | lateral, gray |
| anterior horns house cell bodies of ____ ____ neurons which innervate skeletal muscle | somatic motor |
| ____ horns contain the cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons, which innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and ____. | Lateral, glands |
| The left and right posterior masses of grey matter, the posterior horns, house ____ of sensory neurons and cell bodies of ____. | axons, interneurons |
| The central canal is surrounded by grey ____. | commissure |
| The purpose of grey commissure is to communicate between right and left sides of ____ matter. a) grey b) white | a) grey |
| functional groups of neuron cell bodies within grey matter | nuclei |
| What type of nuclei in posterior horns contain interneuron cell bodies? a) motor nuclei b) sensory nuclei | b) sensory nuclei |
| What type of sensory nuclei receive information from sensory receptors, such as pain or pressure? | somatic sensory |
| What type of sensory nuclei receive information from sensory receptors, such as stretch in smooth muscle walls? | visceral sensory |
| ____ nuclei in the anterior and lateral horns send nerve impulses to muscles and glands. | Motor |
| The ____ motor nuclei in the anterior horns innervate skeletal muscle. | Somatic |
| The ____ motor nuclei in the lateral horns innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands. a) somatic b) autonomic | b) autonomic |
| White matter on each side of the spinal cord is partitioned into 3 funiculi: posterior, ___, and ___. | lateral, anterior |
| Axons within funiculus are organized into tracts or ____ | fasciculi |
| Each funiculus region contains both motor and ___ axons. | sensory |
| Spinal nerves contain 3 types of successive connective tissue wrappings: ___, perineurium and ___. | endonerurium, epineurium |
| Anterior rootlets merge to form a single anterior rootlet and contain ____ axons only. a) motor b) sensory | a) motor |
| Posterior rootlets are derived from a single posterior root and contain ____ axons only. a) motor b) sensory | b) sensory |
| Each anterior and posterior root unite to form a ____ nerve. | spinal |
| After leaving the intervertebral foramen, a typical spinal nerve splits into branches called ____. | rami |
| The smaller of the two main branches is called the ____ ramus and innervates the deep muscles and skin of the ____ | posterior, back |
| The larger of the two rami is the ____ ramus. a) anterior b) posterior | a) anterior |
| The anterior ramus innervates the ____, upper limbs and ____ ____ | trunk, lower limbs |
| Rami communicantes contain axons associated with which nervous system? a) motor b) sensory c) autonomic | c) autonomic |
| Specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve | dermatome |
| All spinal nerves except ____ innervate a segment of skin. | C1 |
| Pain from one organ is mistakenly referred to a dermatome. This is called ____ ____ pain. | referred visceral |
| A nerve ____ is a network of interweaving anterior rami of spinal nerves | plexus |
| There are 4 principal plexuses: cervical, ____, ____, and ____. | brachial, lumbar, sacral |
| Name of nerve that innervates the diaphragm | phrenic nerve |
| The ____ plexus is formed from anterior rami of C1-C4 and innervates the ____, portions of ____ and ____. | cervical, neck, head, shoulders |
| Which plexus innervates most of the lower limb? | sacral |
| Which plexus innervates the anterior and medial thigh and skin of the medial leg? a) sacral b) lumbar | b) lumbar |
| Which plexus innervates the upper limb? | brachial |
| Nerve T12 is called a ____ nerve. | subcostal |
| Spinal nerves originate from ____ and ____ rootlets. | anterior, posterior |
| inflammation of spinal cord | myelitis |
| What term means a reflex response is diminished or absent? | hypoactive |
| 5 roots unite to form the superior, middle and inferior trunks in the ____ triangle of the neck. | posterior |
| The ____ nerve innervates most of the anterior forearm muscles, thenar muscles and and lateral two lumbricals. a) median b) radial c) ulnar | a) median |
| Which nerve innervates the anterior arm muscles? | musculocutaneous |
| The ____ nerve innervates the posterior arm muscles. | radial |
| Which nerve innervates some of the anterior forearm muscles and most of the intrinsic hand muscles? | ulnar |
| Which nerve supplies the anterior thigh muscles? a) medial b) femoral | b) femoral |
| The ____ nerve innervates the medial thigh. a) obturator b) femoral c) tibial | a) obturator |
| The longest and largest nerve in the body. | sciatic nerve |
| The ____ nerve innervates the hamstrings. | tibial |
| Which nerve innervates the short head of the biceps femorus muscle? ____ ____ | common fibular |
| The ____ fibular nerve innervates the anterior leg muscles. a) superficial b) deep | b) deep |
| The ____ ____ nerve innervates the lateral compartment muscles of the leg. a) superficial fibular b) deep fibular | a) superficial fibular |
| ____ response occurs the same way every time. a) autonomic b) sensory c) motor a) autonomic | |
| Stimulus activates ____. | receptor |
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