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A&P 2 - E5 - P1
A&P 2 - Exam 5 - Part 1 - Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The endocrine and nervous systems function to achieve and maintain ______. | homeostasis |
| When the endocrine and nervous systems work together it is referred to as the ________ system. | neuroendocrine |
| The endocrine and nervous systems work together to perform the same general functions of ______, ______, and ______. | communication, integration, control |
| In the endocrine system, secreting cells send ______ molecules via the blood to specific ______. | hormone, target cells |
| ______ are carried to almost every point in the body. | hormones |
| Hormones can _______ most cells. | regulate |
| Hormone effects work more _____ and last ______ than those of neurotransmitters. | slowly, longer |
| Hormone effects work more slowly and last longer than those of ______. | neurotransmitters |
| Endocrine glands are "______ glands". | ductless |
| Many endocrine glands are made of glandular ______, whose cells manufacture and secrete _______. | epithelium, hormones |
| A few endocrine glands are made of _______ tissue. | neurosecretory |
| ______ of the endocrine system are widely scattered throughout the body. | glands |
| ______ hormones are hormones that target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion. | tropic |
| ______ hormones are hormones that target reproductive tissues. | sex |
| ______ hormones are hormones that stimulate anabolism in target cells. | anabolic |
| The two classifications of hormones by chemical structure are ______ and ______. | steroid, nonsteroid |
| Steroid hormones are synthesized from ______. | cholesterol |
| ______ hormones are synthesized from cholesterol. | steroid |
| Steroid hormones are _____ soluble and can easily pass through the _______ plasma of target cells. | lipid, phospholipid |
| What are 5 examples of steroid hormones? | estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone |
| Nonsteroid hormones are synthesized primarily from _______. | amino acids |
| ______ hormones are synthesized primarily from amino acids. | nonsteroid |
| ______ hormones are long, folded chains of amino acids. | protein |
| What are 2 examples of protein hormones? | insulin, parathyroid |
| ______ hormones are protein hormones with carbohydrate groups attached to the amino acid chain. | glycoprotein |
| Glycoprotein hormones are protein hormones with ______ attached to the amino acid chain. | carbohydrate groups |
| ______ hormones are shorter than protein hormones consisting of a short chain of amino acids. | peptide |
| What are 2 examples of peptide hormones? | oxytocin, antidiuretic |
| ______ hormones are hormones in which each is derived from a single amino acid molecule. | amino acid derivative |
| ______ hormones are synthesized by modifying a single molecule of tyrosine produced by neurosecretory cells and neurons. | amine |
| Amine hormones are synthesized by modifying a single molecule of ______ produced by neurosecretory cells and neurons. | tyrosine |
| Amine hormones are synthesized by modifying a single molecule of tyrosine produced by ______ cells and ______. | neurosecretory, neurons |
| What are 2 examples of amine hormones? | epinephrine, norepinephrine |
| Amino acid derivatives are produced by the ______ gland. | thyroid |
| Amino acid derivatives are synthesized by adding ______ to ______. | iodine, tyrosine |
| Hormones signal a cell by binding to the target cell's specific _______ in a "______" mechanism. | receptors, lock and key |
| Different hormone receptor interactions produce different regulatory changes within the target cell through ______. | chemical reactions |
| ______ is combinations of hormones acting together that have a greater effect on a target cell than the sum of the effects that each would have if acting alone. | synergism |
| _______ is when a small amount of one hormone allows a second one to have its full effects on a target cell. | permissiveness |
| ________ is when one hormone produces the opposite effects of another hormone. | antagonism |
| _______ is used to "fine tune" the activity of target cells with great accuracy. | antagonism |
| Endocrine glands produce more _______ molecules than actually are needed. | hormone |
| Unused hormones are quickly excreted by the ______ or broken down by ______ processes. | kidneys, metabolic |
| Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, and their receptors are normally found in the target cell's _______. | cytosol |
| Once a steroid hormone molecule has _______ into the target cell, it binds to a receptor molecule to form a ________. | diffused, hormone-receptor complex |
| _______ hypothesis - the hormone passes into the nucleus, where it binds to mobile receptor and activates a certain gene sequence to begin transcription of mRNA. | mobile-receptor |
| The hormone passes into the nucleus, where it binds to a _______ and activates a certain gene sequence to begin _______ of mRNA. | mobile receptor, transcription |
| Newly formed mRNA molecules move into the ________, associate with ribosomes, and begin synthesizing ________. | cytosol, protein |
| Newly formed _______ molecules move into the cytosol, associate with _______, and begin synthesizing protein. | mRNA, ribosomes |
| _______ hormones regulate cells by regulating production of certain critical proteins. | steroid |
| The amount of steroid hormone present determines the _______ of a target cell's response. | magnitude |
| The amount of _______ hormone present determines the magnitude of a target cell's response. | steroid |
| Since transcription and protein synthesis take time, responses to steroid hormones are often _______. | slow |
| Since _______ and _______ take time, responses to steroid hormones are often slow. | transcription, protein synthesis |
| The _______ is also known as the fixed-membrane-receptor hypothesis. | second messenger mechanism |
| The second messenger mechanism is also known as the _______ hypothesis. | fixed-membrane-receptor |
| A nonsteroid hormone molecule acts as a "______ messenger". | first |
| A _______ hormone molecule acts as a "first messenger". | nonsteroid |
| A nonsteroid hormone delivers its chemical message to _______ in the target cell's ________. | fixed receptors, plasma membrane |
| A _______ hormone delivers its chemical message to fixed receptors in the target cell's plasma membrane. | nonsteroid |
| The "message" is then passed by way of a _______ into the cell where a "second messenger" triggers the appropriate cellular changes. | g-protein |
| In a second messenger mechanism the effects of the hormone are ________ by the cascade of reactions. | amplified |
| What are 4 examples of second messenger mechanisms? | IP3, GMP, cAMP, calcium-calmodulin mechanisms |
| The _______ mechanism operates much more quickly than the steroid mechanism. | second messenger |
| The second messenger mechanism operates much more quickly than the _______ mechanism. | steroid |
| The ______ mechanism occurs when small iodinated amino acids enter the target cell and bind to receptors associated with a DNA molecule in the nucleus. | nuclear receptor |
| The nuclear receptor mechanism occurs when small _______ amino acids enter the target cell and bind to receptors associated with a _______ molecule in the nucleus. | iodinated, DNA |
| Binding in the nuclear receptor mechanism triggers transcription of _______ and synthesis of new _______. | mRNA, enzymes |
| Control of hormonal secretion is usually part of a ______ and is called _______. | negative feedback loop, endocrine reflexes |
| Simplest mechanism is when an endocrine gland is sensitive to the _______ changes produced by its _______. | physiological, target cells |
| Endocrine gland secretion may also be regulated by a hormone produced by another ________. | gland |
| Endocrine gland secretions may be influenced by ________ input; this fact emphasizes the close functional relationship between the two systems. | nervous system |
| _______ are a unique group of lipid molecules that serve important and widespread integrative functions in the body but do not meet the usual definition of a hormone. | prostaglandins |
| Prostaglandins are a unique group of _______ molecules that serve important and widespread integrative functions in the body but do not meet the usual definition of a hormone. | lipid |
| Prostaglandins are called _______ hormones, since the secretion is produced in a tissue and diffuses only a ________ to other cells within the same tissue. | tissue, short distance |
| _______ are called tissue hormones, since the secretion is produced in a tissue and diffuses only a short distance to other cells within the same tissue. | prostaglandins |
| _______ tend to integrate activities of neighboring cells. | prostaglandins |
| Many structural classes of ______ have been isolated and identified. | prostaglandins |
| The pituitary gland is also known as the ________ and called the "_______". | hypophysis, master gland |
| The _______ is also known as the hypophysis and called the "master gland". | pituitary gland |
| The size of the pituitary gland is about ______ across. | 1 inch |
| The pituitary gland is located on the ______ surface of the brain within the skull. | ventral |
| The ________ is a stemlike stalk that connects pituitary to the hypothalamus. | infundibulum |
| The pituitary gland is made up of two separate glands, the _______ (anterior pituitary gland) and the _______ (posterior pituitary gland). | adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis |
| The adenohypophysis is divided into 2 parts, the _______ and the _______. | par anterior, pars intermedia |
| The _______ forms the major portion of the adenohypophysis. | par anterior |
| The tissue of the adenohypophysis is composed of irregular clumps of _______ supported by fine connective tissue fibers and surrounded by a rich ________. | secretory cells, vascular network |
| Three types of cells within the adenohypophysis can be identified according to their ______ for certain ______. | affinity, stains |
| What are cells within the adenohypophysis that do not stain? | chromophobes |
| What are cells within the adenohypophysis that stain with acid stains? | acidophils |
| What are cells within the adenohypophysis that stain with basic stains? | basophils |
| What are five functional types of secretory cells within the adenohypophysis? | somatotrophs, corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, lactotrophs, gonadotrophs |
| Somatotrophs secrete _______. | growth hormone (GH) |
| Corticotrophs secrete _______ and _______. | adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) |
| Thyrotrophs secrete _______. | thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
| Lactotrophs secrete _______. | prolactin (PRL) |
| Gonadotrophs secrete _______ and _______. | luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| Growth hormone (GH) is also known as ________. | somatotropin (STH) |
| _______ is also known as somatotropin (STH). | growth hormone (GH) |
| Growth hormone (GH) promotes the growth of bone, muscle, and other tissues by accelerating _______ transport into the cells. | amino acid |
| Growth hormone (GH) stimulates ________ by mobilizing lipids from storage in _______ cells and speeding up catabolism of the lipids after they have entered another cell. | fat metabolism, adipose |
| _______ stimulates fat metabolism by mobilizing lipids from storage in adipose cells and speeding up _______ of the lipids after they have entered another cell. | Growth hormone (GH), catabolism |
| Growth hormone (GH) tends to shift cell chemistry away from _______ catabolism and toward _______ catabolism as an energy source. | glucose, lipid |
| Growth hormone (GH) leads to increased blood _______ levels. | glucose |
| Growth hormone (GH) functions as an _________ and is vital to maintaining homeostasis of blood glucose levels. | insulin antagonist |
| During pregnancy, prolactin (PRL) promotes the development of the breasts, anticipating ________. | milk secretion |
| After the baby is born, prolactin (PRL) stimulates the mother's ________ to produce milk. | mammary glands |
| Tropic hormones are hormones that have a _______ effect on other _________. | stimulating, endocrine glands |
| _______ hormones are hormones that have a stimulating effect on other endocrine glands. | tropic |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is also known as _______. | thyrotropin |
| _______ promotes and maintains the growth and development of the thyroid. | thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
| _______ causes the thyroid to secrete its hormones. | thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is also known as _______. | adrenocorticotropin |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) promotes and maintains normal growth and development of the cortex of the ______. | adrenal gland |
| _______ stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete some of its hormones. | adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the female, stimulates ________ to grow toward maturity. | primary graafian follicles |
| In females, _______ stimulates the follicle cells to secrete estrogens. | follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| In males, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the development of the _______ of the testes and maintains _______. | seminiferous tubules, spermatogenesis |
| In females, luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the formation and activity of the ________ of the ovary. | corpus luteum |
| The corpus luteum secretes _______ and _______ when stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH). | progesterone, estrogens |
| _______ supports follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in stimulating the maturation of follicles. | luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| In males, luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates ________ in the testes to develop and secrete ________. | interstitial cells, testosterone |
| FSH and LH are called _________ because they stimulate the growth and maintenance of the gonads. | gonadotropins |
| _______ works with other hormones to modulate the pigmentation of normal skin. | melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) |
| The hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones into the blood, which are then carried to the ________. | hypophyseal portal system |
| Hypophyseal portal system carries blood from the _______ directly to the _______ where the target cells of the releasing hormones are located. | hypothalamus, adenohypophysis |
| Releasing hormones influence the secretion of hormones by _______ and _______. | acidophils, basophils |
| Through _______, the hypothalamus adjusts the secretions of the adenohypophysis. | negative feedback |
| In stress, the hypothalamus translates nerve impulses into _______ by endocrine glands, basically creating a mind-body link | hormone secretions |
| The neurohypophysis serves as a storage and release site for _______ and ________ which are synthesized in the ________. | antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin (OT), hypothalamus |
| The release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT) into the blood is controlled by ________ stimulation. | nervous |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Prevents the formation of a large volume of urine, thereby helping the body ________ water. | conserve |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes a portion of each tubule in the kidney to reabsorb _______ from the urine it has formed. | water |
| _________,detected by osmoreceptors, triggers the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). | dehydration |
| Oxytocin (OT) causes ________ from the lactating breast. | milk ejection |
| Oxytocin (OT) is regulated by a _________ feedback mechanism. | positive |
| Prolactin (PRL) cooperates with _______. | oxytocin (OT) |
| Oxytocin (OT) stimulates the contraction of ________ that occurs during childbirth. | uterine muscles |
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