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APII Endocrine
Endocrine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hormone stimulates contraction of uterine walls | oxytocin |
| hormone stimulates milk production | prolactin |
| made by alpha cells of pancreas | glucagon |
| Colloid is contained within ___ follicle | thyroid |
| stimulates thyroid hormone release | (TSH) thyroid-stimulating hormone |
| electrolyte balance in the body | mineralocorticoids |
| ____ and ____ secreted by adrenal medulla | epinephrine, norepinephrine |
| thymosin involved in maturation of ____ | T-lymphocytes |
| produces regulatory hormones | hypothalamus |
| Retention of both water and sodium from the kidney occurs as result of production and release of ____ | glucocorticoid |
| When glucose levels in the blood elevated, ____ is released. | insulin |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates production of ____. | gametes (sperm and oocytes) |
| Glucocorticoids elevate ____ ____ levels during periods of stress. | blood glucose |
| ____ is a hormone that is an antagonistic to parathyroid hormone | Calcitonin |
| Parathyroid hormone is released from the parathyroid gland when blood levels of ____ fall. | calcium |
| The secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by ____ nerve innervention | sympathetic |
| hormone released from the kidneys | erythropoietin |
| Endocrine glands are organs that lack ____. | ducts |
| ____ glands secrete their molecular products (hormones) directly into the blood stream | endocrine |
| informational molecules produced by endocrine glands are called ____ | hormones |
| hormones can only affect ____ or ____ that have receptors for specific hormone | cells (target cells) organs (target organs) |
| ____ ____ - chains of amino acids; longer chains are called protein hormones | peptide hormone |
| growth hormone is a ____ hormone | peptide |
| hormone derived from cholesterol - ____ hormone | steroid |
| small molecules of altered amino acids are ____ ____ | biogenic amines |
| ____ hormone is an example of a biogenic amine | thyroid |
| self adjusting mechanism that regulates hormone secretion - ____ ____ | feedback loop |
| in a _____ feedback loop, the stimulus starts the process and eventually either the hormone that is secreted or the product of its effects causes the process to slow down | negative |
| Give an example of a negative feedback loop | Insulin being secreted after eating a large meal |
| in a _____ feedback loop the stimulus accelerates the original process to ensure the pathway continues or activity speeds up | positive |
| Give an example of a positive feedback loop | baby suckling nipple |
| The three chemical classes of hormones are ____ hormones, ____ hormones and ____ ____ | peptide, steroid, biogenic amines |
| The hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones (RH) and inhibiting hormones (IH) to control the function of the ____ ____ gland | anterior pituitary |
| The pituitary gland lies inferior to the hypothalamus within the sella turcica of the ____ ____. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a thin stalk, the ____. | sphenoid bone, infundibulum |
| Functional unit of the thyroid gland: ____ ____ | thyroid follicle |
| the inner walls of the thyroid follicle are formed by ______ _____ that produce an iodinated glycoprotein called _____ (___) | follicular cells, thyroglobulin (TGB) |
| The follicle cells and the internal storage area from TGB is collectively called the ____ ____. | thyroid follicle |
| Describe the Thyroid Gland Negative Feedback Loop | 1.Stimulus signals hypthms to release TRH 2. TRH stimulates ant pituitary to release TSH 3.TSH stimulates follicular cells to release TH in blood 4.TH stimulates target cells, raised metabolism, body temp 5.increased heat inhibits the release of TRH |
| The pituitary gland is located just below the ____, in the ____ ____ and resting on the ____ ____. | hypothalamus, sella turcia, optic chiasm |
| Anterior or Posterior, target and effects: Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) | anterior, adrenal cortex, stimulates production of corticosteroid hormones |
| Anterior or Posterior, target and effects: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | anterior, female-ovaries male-testes, stimulates growth of ovaries/sperm production |
| Anterior or Posterior, target and effects: Luteinizing hormone (LH) | anterior, ovaries/testes, stimulates ovulation, estrogen/androgen synthesis in testes |
| Anterior or Posterior, target and effects: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | anterior, thyroid gland, stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion |
| Anterior or Posterior, target and effects: Prolactin (PRL) | anterior, receptors on organs through out the body/mammary glands/interstitial cells in testes, stimulates milk production |
| Anterior or Posterior, target and effects: Growth hormone (GH) | anterior, almost every cell in the body, stimulates growth at epiphyseal plate/increased growth and metabolism in target cells |
| Anterior or Posterior, target and effects: melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) | anterior, melanocytes, stimulates synthesis of melanin and dispersion of melanin granules in epidermal cells |
| Anterior or Posterior, target and effects: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | posterior, kidneys and smooth muscle in arteriole walls, stimulates re absorption of water from tubular fluid in kidneys and vasoconstriction in arterioles of body raising blood pressure |
| Anterior or Posterior, target and effects: oxytocin (OT) | posterior, female-uterus and mammary glands male-smooth muscle of reproductive tract, stimulates smooth muscle contraction in uterine wall and stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands |
| How does the hypothalamus control hormone release from both ant and post pituitary? | AP- releases hormones through bloodstream PP- nerve impulses |
| Colloid is a ____ rich fluid in the ____ gland in ____ cells. | protein, thyroid, follicullar |
| How does the thyroid gland affect the body's metabolism? | increases or decreases it |
| Large endocrine cells located between thyroid follicles are called ____ cells | parafollicular |
| Parafollicullar cells secrete ____ due to elevated Ca | calcitonin |
| Calcitonin stimulates ____ activity and inhibits ____ activity | osteoblast, osteoclast |
| _____ _____ artery usually supplies all parathyroid glands. | Inferior thryroid |
| The three chemical classes of hormones are: ____ hormones, ____ hormones and ____ ____ | peptide, steroid, biogenic amines |
| In a negative feedback loop, the result of a process acts back at an earlier step in the process to ____ ____ or ____ ____ the process | slow down, turn off |
| The hypothalamus secretes ____ hormones and ____ hormones to control the function of the ____ pituitary gland. | releasing, inhibiting, anterior |
| The pituitary gland lies inferior to the hypothalamus within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a thin stalk, the ____ | infundibulum |
| Although GH affects activities in almost every cell in the body, its strongest effects are upon the growth and development of the ____ and ____ systems | skeletal, muscular |
| ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and secrete some ____ hormones | corticosteroid |
| Gonadotropins (____ and ____) influence reproductive system activities by regulating hormone synthesis and secretion in both female and male gonads and the production and maturation of gametes in both sexes | (FSH) follicle-stimulating hormone, (LH) lutenizing hormone |
| The hypothalamus directly influences the release of ____ hormones | pituitary |
| Stimulation by the sympathetic division of the ANS causes ____ cells to secrete epinephrine | chromaffin |
| The hormones produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas are ____, ____, ____ and pancreatic polypeptide | glucagon, insulin, somatostatin |
| The pineal gland is located in the ____ region of the ____ | posterior, epithalamus |
| Modified cardiac muscle cells in the wall of the right atrium secrete the hormone ____ | atriopeptin |
| Chief cells produce ____ hormone. | parathyroid |
| ____ ____ respond to a specific hormone. | target cells |
| The purpose of the negative feedback loop is to maintain ____. | homeostasis |
| master gland of the endocrine system | hypothalamus |
| the __________ is in the inferior region of the diencephalon just superior to the pituitary gland | hypothalamus |
| The anterior pituitary gland releases what two types of regulatory hormones? | releasing hormones, inhibiting hormones |
| What two hormones does the hypothalamus produce? | oxytocin (OT) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| the hypothalamus controls the ____ and ____ activities of the adrenal medulla | stimulation, secretion |
| CRH - increases secretion of adrenocotitropic hormone (ACTH) | corticotropin-releasing hormone |
| GNRH - increases secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) | gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
| GHRH- increases secretion of growth hormone | growth hormone-releasing hormone |
| PRF- increases secretion of prolactin | prolactin-releasing factor |
| TRH- increases secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | thyrotropin-releasing hormone |
| GHIH- decreases secretion of growth hormone (GH) | somastatin growth hormone-inhibiting hormone |
| PIH- decreases secretion of prolactin | dopamine prolactin-inhibiting hormone |
| What types of hormones does the hypothalamus secrete to regulate the functioning of the anterior pituitary? | CRH, GnRH, GHRH, PRH, TRH, somastatin, dopamine |
| Also known as hypophysis. ____ gland | pituitary |
| the ____ ____ is inferior to the hypothalamus and housed within the sella tursica. It is connected to the hypothalamus by infundibulum | pituitary gland |
| 2 lobes of the pituitary gland are the ____ lobe and the ____ lobe. | anterior, posterior |
| Also known as the adenohypophysis. ____ pituitary gland | anterior |
| pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis are the 3 regions of the ____ pituitary gland | anterior |
| True or false: Hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland are regulated by regulatory hormones secreted from the hypothalamus. | true |
| what is the name of the blood vessel network that the regulatory hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the the anterior pituitary gland? | hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system |
| what are the steps of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system? | primary plexus receives the arterial blood from the sup hypophyseal artery, it's drained in to the hypophyseal portal vein. the hormones leave the bloodstream and enter the anterior pituitary. the ant pituitary veins carry the blood with hormone to heart |
| what are the seven major hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary? | FSH - follicle stimulating hormone, LH - lutenizing hormone, ACTH - adrenocorticotropin, TSH - thyroid-stimulating hormone, PRL - prolactin, GH - growth hormone MSH - melanocyte stimulating hormone |
| regulates release of thyroid hormone on thyroid gland | (TSH) thyroid-stimulating hormone |
| regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production | (PRL) prolactin |
| stimulates adrenal cortex which produces cortisol | ACTH |
| stimulates cell growth of skeletal and muscular system, stimulates liver to produce somatomedian (insulin-like growth factor 1&2)to stimulate growth of epiphyseal plate | (GH) growth hormone |
| two hormones that influence reproductive system activities: | (FSH) follicle-stimulating hormone & (LH) lutenizing hormone |
| stimulates rate of melanin synthesis | (MSH) melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
| ____ cells secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), in response to decreased blood Ca levels. | Chief |
| ____ hormone stimulates osteoclasts, stimulates calcitriol synthesis, prevents Ca loss during formation of urine. | parathyroid |
| Hormone target and effect: thyroid hormone | most body cells, increases metabolism, growth and energy use |
| Hormone target and effect: calcitonin | bones and kidney, reduces Ca level in body fluids, decreases bone reabsorption and increases Ca deposition in bone |
| Hormone target and effect: parathyroid hormone | bone, small intestine and kidney, increases Ca in blood and small intestine and decreases Ca loss through the kidneys |
| What are the main effects of the PTH? | Reabsorption of calcium |
| Paired glands anchored on the superior border of the two kidneys; also called suprarenal glands. ____ ____ | adrenal glands |
| The adrenal glands are divided functionally into an outer adrenal ____ and an inner adrenal ____. | cortex, medulla |
| The adrenal glands are the color yellow because of storage of ____ in cells. | lipids |
| The ____ ____ synthesizes 25 different steroid hormones, or corticosteroids vital for survival and is stimulated by ACTH. | adrenal cortex |
| The adrenal cortex has 3 distinct layers of cells (from superficial to deep): ____ ____, zona fasciculate, ____ ____. | zona glomerulosa, zona reticularis |
| Zona ____ produces mineralocorticoids, the main one being aldosterone. | glomerulosa |
| Causes water retention for survival and hypersecretion causes HTN. | aldosterone |
| Mineralcorticoids are synthesized by the zone glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulate ____ composition and concentration in body fluids. | electrolyte |
| The adrenal gland hormone glucocorticoids, targets liver cells. It stimulates lipid and protein metabolism and regulates ____ ____ levels. | blood glucose |
| Adrenal Gland Hormone target and effect: gonadocorticords | sex organs, protein synthesis in sex organ cells |
| Adrenal Gland Hormone target and effect: epinephrine and norepinephrine | various cells throughout the body, works with SNS to stimulate flight or fight response |
| ____ ____ Forms the inner core of the adrenal gland, Consists of ____ cells, which are modified cells of the SNS and secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine. | adrenal medulla, chromaffin |
| ____ and ____ work with the sympathetic division of ANS, to prepare the body for fight or flight. They stay in bloodstream longer than just nerve impulses, affecting their target cells. | norepinephrine, epinephrine |
| The primary function of aldosterone is to ____ water. | retain |
| Which nervous system stimulates the secretion of epinephrine? | sympathetic nervous system for flight or flight response |
| Elongated, spongy, nodular organ, located between duodenum and spleen, posterior to stomach | pancreas |
| The pancreas is both an ____ (ducted gland) and ____ (ductless) gland AKA Heterocrine gland. | exocrine, endocrine |
| About 98–99% of pancreatic cells are pancreatic ____ that produce alkaline pancreatic secretions into ducts, then to small intestine. | acini |
| The remaining 1–2% of pancreatic cells is small clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic islets or ____ ____ ____. | islets of Langerhans |
| The hormones of the pancreatic islet cells closely regulate the level of ____ ____. | blood glucose |
| ____ cells secrete glucagon when blood glucose levels drop and stimulate breakdown of glycogen in liver and lypolisis. | alpha |
| ____ cells secrete insulin when glucose levels are elevated and also promote glycogen synthesis and fat storage. | beta |
| The pancreatic hormone glucagon increases blood glucose levels, glycogen breakdown in cells, ____ breakdown in adipose cells. | lipid |
| Insulin is a pancreatic hormone that does what to glucose levels in the body? | decreases |
| ____ is the hormone that slows release of insulin and glucagon to slow rate of absorption during digestion. It is a pancreatic hormone synthesized by ____ cells of the pancreas. | Somatostatin, delta |
| Red blood cells' only source of energy is ____. | glucose |
| The _____ gland is located in the posterior region of the epithalamus and decreases in size with age. | pineal |
| Pinealocytes, secrete ____, which is involved in maintaining the 24-hour circadian cycle and sexual maturation. | melatonin |
| A bi-lobed structure, located just superior to the heart and just deep to the sternum. ____ | thymus |
| The thymus functions with the lymphatic system to regulate and maintain the body's _____. Produces thymopoietin and thymosins to stimulate and promote differentiation, growth and maturation of _______. | immunity, T-lymphocytes |
| _____ is larger in infants and children than in adults and diminishes in size after puberty. | thymus |
| The _____ secrete erythropoietin which stimulates _____ production and maturation. | kidneys, erythrocyte |
| The ____ secretes atriopeptin which causes sodium and water loss from the kidneys. | heart |
| What produces the two peptide hormones, ADH and OT? | posterior pituitary |
| ____ hormone increases water retention from kidney tubules | Antidiuretic ADH |
| ____ hormone produces vasoconstriction of blood vessesls (vasopressin) | Antidiuretic ADH |
| ____ stimulates contraction of uterine wall for labor and childbirth and in ejection of milk from mammary gland | oxytocin OT |
| ____ produces contraction of muscle in the prostate gland to release semen during sexual activity. | oxytocin OT |
| neurons in the hypothalamus are called ____ cells because they secrete hormones | neurosecretory |
| name the two parts of the posterior pituitary gland | pars nervosa infundibular stalk (infundibulum) |
| The ___ pituitary releases hormone into the blood stream. | posterior |
| explain how the hypothalamus controls hormone release from both the ant and post pituitary | anterior -via vessels with releasing and stimulating hormone post - by oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone |
| largest gland devoted to endocrine activity | thyroid gland |
| The thyroid gland is inferior to the thyroid cartilage of the ____ and anterior to the ____. | larynx, trachea |
| The butterfly shaped gland with two lobes connect by midline isthmus: ____ gland | thyroid |
| name the the 2 vascularized arteries of thyroid | superior and inferior thyroid arteries |
| ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH, PRL, GH, MSH are secreted by the ____ pituitary | anterior |
| ADH, OT are stored in anterior or posterior pituitary? | posterior pituitary |
| CRH, GnRH, GHRH,PRF, TRH are what types of hormones? | releasing hormones |
| GHIH and PIH are what types of hormones? | inhibiting hormones |
| ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) is an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates production of ____ hormones. | corticosteroid |
| FSH follicle stimulating hormone is an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and stimulates ____ production in males. | sperm |
| LH (lutenizing hormone) is an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates ovulation, estrogen and progesterone in females and ____ synthesis in testes of males. | androgen |
| TSH thyroid stimulating hormone also known as thyrotropin, is an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis and ____. | secretion |
| The anterior pituitary produces (PRL) prolactin. It stimulates ____ production in females. | milk |
| GH growth hormone is an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates synthesis of ____ in the liver to stimulate growth at the ____ ____. | somatomedin, epiphyseal plate |
| Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) is an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates synthesis of melanin and dispersion of melanin granules in ____ cells. | epidermal |
| posterior pituitary hormone target and effect: ADH antidiuretic hormone also known as vasopressin | kidney, smooth muscle in arteriole walls, stimulates reabsorption of water from turular fluid in kidney; stimulates vasoconstriction in arterioles of by therefore raising blood pressure |
| OT oxytocin is produced by the posterior pituitary and in females it stimulates ___ ___ ___ in uterine wall and ___ ___ from mammary glands. In males it stimulates contraction of smooth muscle in the ___ ___. | smooth muscle contraction, milk ejection, reproductive tract |
| What hormone pairs have antagonistic (opposite) effects? | Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone |
| What are the 2 target cells for antidiuretic hormone? | Kidney tubules and smooth muscle of arteriole walls |
| Which 2 hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins? | Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone |
| Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland? | melatonin |
| The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is | glucagon |
| Which endocrine gland is paired? | adrenal |
| Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas? | insulin |
| In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by | negative feedback |
| The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by the ____ division of the ____ nervous system. | sympathetic, autonomic |
| Which hormones are formed from chains of amino acids? | peptides |
| The "master control center" of the endocrine system is the ____. | hypothalamus |
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by ____ cells. | chromaffin |
| Which hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary is not a tropic hormone? | melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
| The hormones secreted by the thymus gland are ___ and ___. | thymopoietin, thymosins |
| Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ___ by the follicular cells. | thyroglobulin |
| In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces ____ ____ | pancreatic juice |
| Which zona of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids? | Zona fasciculata |
| Oxytocin stimulates ___ of milk from the breasts. | ejection |
| ADH antidiuretic hormone is also known as ____. | vasopressin |
| Pancreas: alpha cells secrete ____, beta cells secrete ____ and delta cells secrete ____. | glucagon, insulin, somatostatin |
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