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HA Ch. 4
Integumentary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| integumentary system | skin and appendages (accessory structures) |
| accessory structures | hair nails sweat glands sebaceous/oil glands |
| the skin is... | the largest organ of the body |
| how much of the total body weight is the skin | 7% (1.5 mm - 4 mm in thickness) |
| integument even covers | eyes and ears |
| all 4 what are found in the integument? | tissue types |
| what covers the surface? | epithelium |
| what provides underlying stability? | connective tissue |
| what is found on the walls of the blood cells | smooth muscles |
| what controls the blood vessels and provides sensations? | nervous tissue |
| functions of the integument | protection, body temp, excretion, nutrition (synthesis), sensation, immune defense |
| layers of the skin | dermis and epidermis |
| ear drums | typpanic membranes |
| superficial layer of the epidermis | thick epithelium |
| keratinized stratified squamous epithelia has four distinct cell types | keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhans cells |
| keratinocytes | most abundant cell type and produce keratin for protection |
| keratin | tough fibrous protein |
| keratinocytes arise from... | deepest layer of epidermis from cells undergoing almost continuous mitosis |
| keratinocytes are.... | dead, flat cells completely full of keratine by the time they reach the surface |
| areas of friction cause... | cell production and keratine formation to accelerate |
| keratinocytes also produce... | antibiotics and enzymes that detoxify the harmful chemicals on the skin |
| melanocytes | produce melanin |
| melanin | dark skin pigment |
| thick skin | five visible layers |
| thin skin | four visible layers |
| merkel cells | intimately associated with sensory nerve ending fibers |
| merkel cells may serve as | receptors for touch |
| langerhans cells | macrophage-like dendritic cells (immune cells) |
| layers of the epidermis | dermis, basal lamina, stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, surface |
| stratum basale/germinativum | single row of cells consisting of basal cells |
| basal cells | stem cell keratinocytes |
| stratum germinativum contain | merkel cells and melanocytes |
| what occurs in the stratum germinativum layer? | continual mitosis |
| merkel cells vs langerhans cells | detecting sensation vs phagocytic cells |
| stratum spinosum | (spiny layer)keratinocytes containting thick bundles of pre-keratin |
| stratum spinosum contains | langerhans cells |
| stratum spinosum's keratinocytes look | spiky due to production of interconnecting proteins called tonofibrils |
| tonofibrils increase... | stability in the spiny layer |
| stratum granulosum | 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes |
| granulosum's cytoplasm of keratinocytes contain | keratohyaline (help from keratin)and lamellated granules(water proofing glycolipid) |
| stratum lucidum | clear layer that doesn't stain well |
| stratum lucidum is a... | transition zone that consists of flattened densely packed cells filled with keratin |
| where is lucidum found | only in thick skin (palms and soles of feet) |
| stratum corneum | horny layer |
| corneum consists mainly of | dead keratinocytes and water proofing glycolipids in the extracellular space |
| how many layers thick is the corneum? | 15-30 |
| keratinized | epithelium containing a large amount of keratine |
| relatively dry covering that results... | is relatively reistant to microorganism growth |
| keratinization | occurs everywhere on the surfaceof the skin exceptthe anterior surface of the eyes |
| dermis | deep layer of connective tissue underlying the epidermis |
| the dermis (strong flexible connective tissue divide into two layers) | papillary and reticular layers |
| papillary layer | loose areolar connective tissue proper with capillaries |
| reticular layer | fibers in an interwoven meshwork of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds blood vessels, hair follicles, nerves, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands |
| cells in the dermis are | fibroblasts, macrophages, mast ccells, white blood cells |
| fiber types in the dermis | collagen, elastic, reticular |
| dermis is richly supplied with | nerve fibers and blood vessels |
| function of the dermis | nourishment and temp. regulation |
| papillary layer accounts for... | superficial, 20% of the dermis |
| dermal papillae | finger-like pegs which project into the epidermis and lie atop dermal ridges |
| papillary layer folds... | in the stratum germinativum and extend into the dermis to form epidermal ridges |
| finger prints, palm prints, and footprints result from | epidermal ridges and papillae are very pronounced |
| fingerprints and footprints | increase the surface area of the skin and increase friction/enhance gripping ability |
| patterns of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae are | genetically determined |
| reticular layer accounts for | 80% of the deeper dermis layer |
| reticular is composed of | dense irregular connective tissue |
| reticular due to... | thick collagen fibers that extend into the papillary and subcutaneous layer to bind everything together |
| hypodermis | subcutaneos layer |
| reticular layer provides... | strength and resilience to skin |
| what is found in the reticular layer | blood vessels, muscles, glands, hair follicles,and nerves |
| blood supply of the integument | cutaneous plexus and papillary plexus |
| cutaneous plexus | network of blood vessels at the border of the reticular layer and subcutaneous layer |
| papillary plexus | highly-branched network of blood vessels just deep to the epidermis |
| plexi play a role in | thermoregulation and overall blood flow |
| nerve fibers | regulate blood flow and glands |
| nerve supply provides | sensory perception through tactile discs and free dendrites |
| tactile discs | formed from union of merkel cells and sensory nerve endings |
| free dendrite | sensitive to pain and temperature |
| other receptors of the skin | tactile corpuscles (light touch) and root hair plexus (light touch) ruffini corpuscles (stretch) and lamellated corpuscles (deep pressure/vibrations) |
| skin color is determined by | thickness of corneum, amount of pigments in epidermis, and blood supply in dermis |
| melanin | dark pigment (black yellow-brown or brown) produces and stored by melanocytes |
| malanosomes | visciles with melanin and transfered from melanocytes to keratinocytes |
| vesicles are destroyed by | lysosomes |
| light skin | occurs if melanosomes are transferred in the stratum basale(germ) and spinosum (superficial layers lose pigment) |
| dark skin occurs if | larger melanosomes are transferred in the stratum granulosum as well |
| melanin helps prevent | skin damage by surrounding nuclei of cells to absorb uv radiation |
| melanin production is triggered by | UV radiation and leads to tanning |
| carotene | yellow-orange pigment found in orange veggies |
| carotene may be trapped in | the epidermisand can convert to Vitamin A |
| vitamin A is required for | epithelial maintenance and the synthesis of visual pigmens in the eye |
| increased blood flow... | causes blushing |
| decreased blood flow... | causes skin paleness |
| long-term decreased blood flow... | causes cyanosis resultingin hypoxia |
| cyanosis | bluish coloration |
| hypoxia | low tissue O2 concentrations |
| hypodermis is not.. | part of the integumentary system but shares skin fuctions |
| which tissues occur in the hypodermis | areolar and adipose (predominates) |
| hypodermis stores | fats |
| hypodermis anchors | kin to underlying structures loosely enough so that skin can slide relatively free |
| hypodermis acts as | insulator |
| great location for... | injection bec there aren't any organs (hypodermic needle) |
| function of hair | sense light touch on the skin via the roothair plexus |
| other functions of hair | protection,trapping of particles,arrector pili muscles provide movement of hairs(goosebumps) |
| what predominates hair | hard keratin |
| the hair root | portion of hair attached to hair follicle |
| hair shaft | portion exposed to the surface |
| two major parts of hair | hair root and shaft |
| hair consists of | three concentric layers of keratinized cells |
| keratinized cell layers | medulla, cortex, cuticle |
| medulla | central core containing large cells and air spaces, absent in fine hairs |
| cortex | several layers of flattened cells |
| cuticle | single outer layer of dead cells, overlapping like shingles, most heavily keratinized for strength |
| hair follicles | organs that form the hairs |
| hair follicles form from | the epidermal surface into the dermis, forming a hair bulb in the deep end |
| internal root sheath | layer of cells surrounding hair root and deeper parts of the shaft |
| external root sheath | located superficial to the internal root sheath and resembles the layer of the epidermis,spans entire length of follicle |
| glassy membrane | thickened basal lamina of epidermis |
| arrector pili muscle | associated w/ each hair follicle |
| hair papilla | are of unconnected tissue at the base of the hair follicle |
| hair bulb | area of epithelial that grows the hair |
| types of hair | lanugo, vellus, intermediate, terminal |
| lanugo | first hairs produced before birth |
| vellus | fine, colorless (peachfuzz) |
| intermediate | thin, colored hairs commonly found on the appendages and groin |
| terminal | coarse, darkly pigmented hairs found on head and face |
| hair color is determined by | melanin production in the melanocytes found in hair papilla |
| density of melanin | determines hair color |
| red hair results from | biochemically distinct form of melanin |
| hair color is affected by | age and hormones |
| gray hair results from | pigment production decreasing |
| white hair | lack of pigmentation and presence of air bubbloes in medulla |
| sebaceous glands | oil glands |
| oil glands occur | all over the body except the palms of hands and the soles of feet |
| oil glands are associated with | hair follicles |
| oily production | sebum |
| sebum functions as | lubrication and prevention of bacterial growth |
| oil glands secretion | holocrine |
| sebaceous follicles | large sebaceous glands that do not attach to a hair follicle |
| sweat glands | sudoriferous gloands |
| sweat glands occur | everywhere except nipples and external genitalia |
| myoepithelial cells | small cells that squeeze the secretion or sweat out of a sweat gland |
| myo | muslce |
| eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands | most numerous type especially on the palms and soles |
| sweat glands are | small, coiled and tubular |
| true sweat | 99% water, 1% electrolytes |
| functions of sweat | thermoregulation, excretion, protection |
| apocrine sweat glands | mostly confined to the axillary, anal and genital areas |
| apocrine glands are larger than | eccrine glands |
| apocrine glands produce | a special kind of sweat consisting of fatty substancesand proteins, via merocrine secretion |
| what may act on the secretion | bacteria, which changes biochemical makeup, which makes a bad odor |
| mammary glands | milk production, anatomicaolly related to apocrine sweat glands |
| ceruminous glands | modified sweat glands in the external auditory canal |
| cerumen | ear wax that forms from secretions of ceruminous glandsand sebaceous glands |
| nails | scale-like modification of epidermis |
| nails corresponds to | superficial keratinizedlayers of skin |
| nail matrix | actively growing region |
| nail body | actual nail |
| nail bed | epithelium under the nail body |
| nail root | fold in the epidermis near the bone of the digit |
| nail grooves | lateral borders of the nail body |
| nail folds | are upward folds in the epidermis lateral to the nail grooves |
| eponychium | cuticle, an extension of the proximal nail fold that coversthe nail root |
| lunula | pale area near the eponychium |
| hyponychium | fold of epidermis deep to the distal nail body |
Created by:
handrzej
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