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AR Chap 12
Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| achalasia | decreased mobility of the lower esophagus and constriction of the lower esophageal sphincter |
| diverticulitis | inflamed diverticula |
| hiatal hernia | type of hearnia is the result of an upward protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm due to an enlarged cardiac sphincter; diaphragmatic hernia |
| hyperemesis | excessive vomiting |
| papillae | rough elevations covering the tongue's upper surface |
| volvulus | rotation or twisting of loops of the bowel |
| oroplasty | plastic surgery of the mouth |
| navel | umbilical hernia is a protrustion of the intesting through a weakness in the abdominal wall around this area |
| ileus | obstruction of the intestine |
| diverticulosis | non-inflamed diverticula |
| bolus | mass formed during the process of chewing |
| cholelithiasis | medical term for gallstones |
| gingivitis | bleeding gums are a sign of |
| diarrhea | frequent passage of loose watery stools |
| diverticulum | outpouching through the muscular layer of the intestine, often associated with the sigmoid colon |
| peritoneum | specific, serous membrane that cover the entire abdominal wall of the body and is reflected over the contained viscera |
| glycogenesis | coversion of glucose to glycogen |
| colostomy | surgical creation of a new opening between the colon and abdominal wall |
| laparoscopy | exam through the abdominal wall |
| ileostomy | creation of a new opening between the ileum and the abdominal wall |
| colectomy | removal of all or part of the colon |
| hemorrhoids | varicosities of the lower rectum |
| borborygmi | gurgling, tinkling noises heard with the stethoscope |
| eructation | air passed from the stomach through the mouth |
| stool guaiac | fecal test for occult blood |
| cheiloplasty | repair of a defect of the lip |
| emaciation | excessive leanness caused by disease or lack of nutrition |
| dyspepsia | a vague feeling of the epigastric discomfort after eating |
| achlorhydia | an abnormal condition characterized by the absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice |
| aphagia | condition characterized by the loss of the ability to swallow |
| ascites | an abnormal accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity |
| saliva | secretion containing water, enzymes, and mucus |
| amylase | component of saliva, aids in the digestion of carbohydrates |
| rugae | folds in the mucous membrane lining of the stomach |
| chyme | liquid-like mixture that results from the digestive activities in the stomach |
| enamel | hardest substance in the body, covers the visible part of the tooth |
| cementum | harden connective tissue, covers the dentin of the tooth neck and root |
| lipase | enzyme, aids in the digestions of fats |
| peristalsis | wavelike motion that moves food through the digestive system |
| ileocecal sphincter | pervents back flow of waste from the large intestine to the small intestine |
| nutritionist | medical professional that tells people what to eat; studies and applies the principles and science of nutrition |
| absorption | passage of substances across and into tissues |
| bile | bitter, yellow-green secretion of the liver |
| crown | part of the tooth that is visible above the gum line |
| deciduous teeth | first set or primary teeth; baby teeth |
| defecation | act of expelling feces from the rectum through the anus |
| deglutition | swallowing |
| dietitian | allied health professional trained to plan nutrition programs for the sick as well as healthy people. |
| digestion | process of altering the chemical and physical composition of food so that it can be used by body cells |
| endocrine gland | the pancreas manufactures insulin - which passes directly into the blood capillaries instead of being transported by way of ducts |
| exocrine gland | pancreas manufactures the digestive juices which aid in the absorption of nutrients |
| gastroenterologist | medical doctor who specializes in the study of the diseases and disorders affecting the gatrointestinal tract |
| gavage | procedure in which liquid or semiliquid food is introduced into the stomach through a tube |
| gingivae | gum tissue (singular: gingiva) |
| glucagon | a hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas that stimulate the liver to convert glycogen into glucose when the blood surgar level is dangerously low |
| glucose | simple sugar found in certain foods, especially fruits, and major source of energy occurring in the human and animal body fluids |
| glycogen | complex sugar (starch)that is the major carbohydrate stored in animal cells |
| glycogenesis | conversion of simple sugar into a complex for of sugar for storage in the liver |
| glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen into glucose by the liver, releasing it back into the circulating blood in response to very low blood sugar level |
| hepatocyte | liver cell |
| ileum | distal portion of the small intestine extending frome the jejunum to the cecum |
| mastication | chewing, tearin, or grinding food with the teeth while it becomes mixed with saliva |
| palate | structure that forms the roof of the mouth |
| pancreas | elongated organ approximately 6 to 9 inches long, located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen that secretes various substances such as digestive enzymes, insulin, and glucagon |
| pharynx | throat |
| rectum | portion of the large intestine, about 12 cm long |
| salivary glands | one of the three pairs of glands secreting into the mouth, thus aiding the digestive process |
| sigmoid colon | portion of the colon that extends from the end of the descending colon in the pelvis to the juncture of the rectum |
| sphincter | circular band of muscle fibers that constrictss a passage or closes a natural opening in the body |
| stomach | major organ of digestion located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen and divided into a body and pylorus |
| uvula | small, cone-shaped process suspended in the mouth |
| achlorhydria | abnormal condition characterized by the absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juices |
| anorexia | lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat |
| constipation | difficulty in passing stools, or an incomplete or infrequent passage of hard stools |
| dypepsia | vague feeling of epigastric discomfort after eating; uncomfortable feeling of fullness, heartburn, bloating, and nausea |
| emesis | material expelled from the stomach during vomiting; vomitus |
| eructation | act of bringing up air from the stomach through the mouth; belching |
| flatus/flatulence | air or gas in the intestine that is passed through the rectum |
| gastroesophageal reflux | backflow of content of the stomach into the esophagus that is often the result of incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter |
| icterus | yellow discoloration of skin, mucous membranes and sclera of eyes - due to greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood; jaundice |
| nausea | unpleasent sensation often leading to the urge to vomit |
| pruritus ani | comon chronic condition of itching of the skin around the anus |
| streatorrha | greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces |
| anal fistula | abnormal passageway in the skin surface near the anus usually connecting with the rectum; may occur as the result of a draining abscess |
| celiac disease | nutrient malabsorption due to damaged small bowel mucosa; occuring because of the ingestion of gluten |
| cirrhosis | disease of the liver that is chronic and dgenerative, causing injury to hepatocytes |
| colorectal cancer | presence of a malignant neoplasm in the large intestine; stool examination for occult blood is used for diagnosis |
| Crohn's disease | digestive tract inflammation of a chronic nature causing fever, cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, and anorexia; also known as regional enteritis |
| dental caries | tooth decay caused by acid-forming microorganisms |
| dysentery | painful intestinal inflammation typically caused by ingesting water of food containing bacteria, protozoa, parasites, or chemical irritants; abdominal pain, bloody stools and intestinal cramping. often a result of unsanitary conditions |
| gallstones (cholelithiasis) | pigmented or hardened cholesterol stones formed as a result of bile crystallization |
| hepatitis | acute or chronic inflammation of the liver due to a viral or bacterial infection, drugs, alcohol, toxins, or parasites. most common is viral (A, B, and C) |
| hernia | irregular protrusion of tissue, organ, or a portion of an organ through an abnormal break in the surrounding cavity's muscular wall |
| intussusception | typically occurs in infants and young children; causing obstruction; severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and "currant jelly stool" |
| irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | increased motility of the small or large intestinal wall, resulting in abdominal pain, flatulence, nausea, anorexia, and trapping of gas throughout the intestines; spastic colon |
| oral leukoplakia | precancerous lesion occurring anywhere in the mouth |
| peptic ulcers (gastric, duodenal, perforated) | break in the continuity of the mucous membrane lining of the gasrointestinal tract as a result of hyperacidity or the bacterium H. pylori; acute or chronic, singular or clustered |
| polyps, colorectal | small growths projecting from the mucous membrane of the colon or rectum |
| thrush | fungal infection in the mouth and throat producing sore, creamy white, slightly raised curdlike patches on the tongue and other oral mucosal surfaces; caused by Candida albicans |
| ulcerative colitis | chronic inflamammatory condition resulting ina break in the continuity of the mucous membrane lining of the colon in the form of ulcers; large watery diarrheal stools containing mucus, pus or blood |
| abdominocentesis (paracentesis) | involves insertion of a needle or trochar into the abdominal cavity to remove excess fluid, with the person in a sitting position |
| cholecystectomy | surgical removal of the gallbladder |
| cholecystography (oral) | visualization of the gallbladder through X-ray following the oral ingestion of pills containing a radiopaque iodinated dye |
| colonoscopy | direct visualization of the lining of the large intestine using a fiberoptic colonoscope |
| colostomy | surgical creation of a new opening on the abdominal wall through which feces will be expelled |
| gastric lavage | irrigation, or washing out, of the stomach with sterile water or a saline solution |
| herniorrhaphy | surgical repair of a hernia by closing the defect using sutures, mesh, or wire |
| small bowel follow-through | oral administration of a radiopaque contrast medium, barium sulfate, which flows through the GI system. X-ray films are obtained at timed intervals to observe the progression of the barium through the small intestine |
Created by:
maxphia32
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