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Muscle Anatomy
Origins, insertions, actions_IA
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Action | Description | Innervation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominals - External Obliques | external surface of lower 8 ribs | External lip of iliac crest | Bilateral: Flexes spine | Most superficial abdominal muscle. Fibers run downwards and towards the mid-line | thoracoabdominal ns. & subcostal n. |
| Abdominals - Internal Obliques | Lateral 1/2 inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia - posterior | (blank) | (blank) | Second level of the lateral aspect of the abdomen. Fibers run upward & towards the mid-line | (blank) |
| Abdominals - External Obliques | Lower 8 ribs | Anterior iliac crest & abdominal aponeurosis to the linea alba | Bilateral: Flexes spine | Most superficial abdominal muscle. Fibers run downwards and towards the mid-line | 8 - 12th Intercostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal |
| Abdominals - Internal Obliques | iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia , fascia iliaca | Cartilage of lower 3 ribs & costal margins; down to pubis | Bilateral: Flexes spine | Second level of the lateral aspect of the abdomen. Fibers run upward & towards the mid-line | lower 2-3 thoracoabdominal ns. & subcostal n |
| Abdominals - Rectus Abdominus | xyphoid process & costal cartilages 5-7 | pubis crest & symphysis | Flexes the spine, assists in stabilizing the pelvis | Superficial level of abdomen | thoracoabdominal ns & subcostal n |
| Abdominals - Transversus Abdominus | fascia iliaca, iliac crest (internal lip), thoracolumbar fascia, cartilage of lower 6 ribs | aponeurosis that contributes to rectus sheath | Compress the abdomen | Deepest abdominal, surrounds the abdomen. Fibers run transversely from back to the mid-line | thoracoabdominal ns, & subsostal n. |
| Abductor Digiti Minimi - Foot | Lateral side of proximal phalanx of 5th toe | Abducts the 5th (baby) toe | (blank) | Lateral plantar | |
| Abductor Digiti Minimi - Hand | Pisiform, tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris | Media side of the base of phalanx of the 5th digit | Abduct the 5th (pinky) digit | Makes up the hypothenar eminence, superficial FDMB & ODM | Ulnar nerve, C8, T1 |
| Abductor Hallucis | Medial base of proximal phalanx of the great toe | Abducts the great toe | (blank) | Medial plantar n | |
| Abductor Pollicis Brevis | Tubercle of scaphoid & trapezium & flexor retinaculum | Base of the proximal phalange of the thumb | Abducts the thumb & moves it anteriorly | (blank) | Median nerve C6, C7 |
| Abductor Pollicis Longus | Lateral border of ulna (just above extensor pollicis longus), interosseous membrane, posterior shaft of radius | Posterior base of 1st metacarpal (proximal) | Abducts and extends the thumb, laterally rotates thumb. Radial deviation of wrist | Deepest level of the dorsal aspect of forearm | Radial nerve C6, C7 |
| Adductor Brevis | body & inferior ramus of pubis | pectineal line & proximal part of linea aspera of femur | Adduction of thigh; assists w/ flexion of thigh | Second level lying beneath the pectineus and adductor longus | Obturator n (anterior branch) L2,L3, L4 |
| Adductor Hallucis | Transverse head: Plantar metatarsophalangeal ligaments of 3, 4, 5th toes and transverse ligaments | Lateral base of proximal phalanx of great toe | Adducts the great toe | (blank) | Lateral plantar S1, S2 |
| Adductor Longus | body of pubis inferior to pubic crest | Medial third of the linea aspera | Adduction of thigh | Superficial level, same plane as pectineus | Obturator (anterior branch) L2,L3, L4 |
| Adductor Magnus | adductor portion: inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium. Hamstring portion: ischial tuberosity | Add. portion: gluteal tuberosity, lineas aspera, medial supracondylar line. Ham. portion: adductor tubercle of femur | Add. portion: adducts thigh, flexes thigh. Ham. portion: adducts thigh, extends thigh | adductor hiatus transmits femoral A&V from adductor canal to popliteal fossa | Add portion: posterior branch obturator n (L2,3,4). Ham portion: tibial portion of Sciatic n (L4) |
| Adductor Pollicis | Oblique head: Anterior surface of 2nd & 3rd metacarpals, capitate & trapezoid | Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb | Adducts thumb | (blank) | Ulnar nerve, C8, T1 |
| Anconeus | Lateral epicondyle of the humerus | Lateral part of olecranon process, posterior surface of ulna | Extends forearm | (blank) | Radial C7, C8 |
| Auricularis | Anterior & Superior: Fascia in temporal region | Anterior: Anterior to helix of the ear | Anterior: Draws ears forward | (blank) | Anterior & Superior: Facial nerve, temporal branch |
| Biceps Brachii-Long Head | Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula | Tuberosity of the radius, bicipital aponeurosis into the deep fascia of the medial forearm | Flexion of shoulder, Flexion and Supination of Forearm | (blank) | Musculocutaneous C5, C6 |
| Biceps Brachii-Short Head | Coracoid process of the scapula | Tuberosity of the radius, bicipital aponeurosis into the deep fascia of the medial forearm | Flexion of shoulder, Flexion and Supination of Forearm | (blank) | Musculocutaneous C5, C6 |
| Biceps Femoris-Long Head | Ischial tuberosity | Lateral head of the fibula | Knee flexion & laterally rotate leg; Long head assists with hip extension | Superficial on the lateral & posterior aspect of the thigh | Sciatic nerve, tibial division (L5, S1, S2) |
| Biceps Femoris-Short Head | Linea aspera, lateral supracondylar line of femur | Lateral side of the fibula | Knee flexion & laterally rotate leg | Superficial on the lateral & posterior aspect of the thigh | Sciatic nerve, common peroneal (L5, S1, S2) |
| Brachialis | Anterior, lower ½ of humerus. Deep to the biceps brachii | Ulna tuberosity, coronoid process (the smaller beak-like projection arising from the anterior aspect of the ulna, just below the olecranon process) | Flexion of the forearm | Second level of the front of the humerus | Musculocutaneous C5, C6 |
| Brachioradialis | Upper 2/3 lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus | Styloid process on the lateral radius at the distal end of the radius | Flexion of the forearm | Superficial level of the lateral side of the forearm. AKA "drinking muscle" | Radial C5, C6 |
| Buccinator | Outer surfaces of alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible over the molars and along the pterygomandibular raphe | Deep part of the muscles of the lips | Compresses the cheek | (blank) | Facial nerve, buccal branch |
| Coracobrachialis | Apex of coracoid process | Middle 1/3 of medial surface of humerus | Aduction, some Flexion of shoulder | Second level of the shoulder/upper arm | Musculocutaneous C6, C7 |
| Corrugator Supercilii | Medial end of the supercillary arch | Deep surface of the skin under the medial portion of the eyebrow | Draws eyebrows down & medial | (blank) | Facial nerve, temporal branch |
| Deltoid-Anterior | Lateral 1/3 of clavicle | Deltoid tuberosity of humerus | Flexion, Medial (Internal) rotation, Abduction of shoulder | Superfiscial layer of anterior forearm | Axillary C5, C6 |
| Deltoid-Middle | Lateral acromion process | Deltoid tuberosity of humerus | Abduction from 15 - 90 degrees | Superficial level of the shoulder | Axillary C5, C6 |
| Deltoid-Posterior | Spine of scapula | Deltoid tuberosity of humerus | Extention, Lateral (external) rotation, Aduction of shoulder | Superficial level of the shoulder | Axillary C5, C6 |
| Depressor Anguli Oris | Oblique line of the mandible | Angle of the mouth | Depresses the angle of the mouth (frowning) | Lateral to Depressor Labii Inferioris | Facial nerve, mandibular branch |
| Depressor Labii Inferioris | Mandible between the symphysis & the mental foramen | Skin of lower lip | Draws the lower lip down and lateral | Medial to Depressor Anguli Oris | Facial nerve, mandibular branch |
| Depressor Septi | Incisive fossa of the maxilla | Nasal septum & ala | Constrict nares | (blank) | Facial nerve, buccal branch |
| Diaphragm | Sternal division: Posterior xiphoid process; costal division-inner surfaces of lower 6 costal cartilages & lower 4 ribs; lumbar-bodies of upper lumbar vertebrae via medial and lateral arcuate ligs. | Central tendon (no bony attachments) | Draws the central tendon down during inspiration, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. Also assists in returning blood to the heart | most impt m of respiration | Pherenic nerve (C3,4,5) |
| Digastricus | Posterior belly: Mastoid notch of the temporal bone | Intermediate tendon attached to the hyoid bone | Raises the hyoid bone, assists in opening the jaw, moves the hyoid bone forward & backward (swallowing) | Forms the Anterior Triangle of the neck - Suprahyoid muscles | Posterior portion: Facial nerve |
| Dorsal Interossei - Foot | Adjacent sides of metatarsal bones | Bases of proximal phalanges | Abducts toes, flexes proximal phalanges | (blank) | Lateral plantar S1, S2 |
| Dorsal Interossei - Hand | (blank) | (blank) | Abducts fingers away from center of third finger at metacarpophalangeal joints, assist in flexion of fingers | (blank) | Ulnar nerve C8, T1 |
| Epicranius | Occipital belly: Lateral 2/3 of superior nuchal line of the occiput, mastoid process, Frontal belly: Galea aponeurotica | Occipital belly: Galea aponeurotica, Frontal belly: Fascia of the facial muscles & skin above the nose & eyes | Draws back scalp, wrinkles forehead & raises eyebrows | AKA: Occipital frontal | Occipital belly: Facial nerve - posterior auricular branch, Frontal belly: Facial nerve - temporal branch |
| Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis | Lateral epicondyle of humerus | Base of 3rd metacarpal | Extends hand | Superficial level of the posterior forearm | Radial nerve, C6, C7 |
| Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus | Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus. Just above the lateral epicondyle of humerus | Base of the 2nd metacarpal | Extends hand, radial deviation | Superficial level of the posterior forearm | Radial nerve, C6, C7 |
| Extensor Carpi Ulnaris | Lateral epicondyle of humerus via CET | Base of the 5th metacarpal | Extends hand, ulnar deviation | Superficial level of the dorsal aspect of the forearm | Radial nerve, C6-C8 |
| Extensor Digiti Minimi | Lateral epicondyle of humerus via CET | Base of the proximal phalanx of the fifth digit | Extends pinky finger | Superficial level of posterior forearm. AKA "The Tea Cup Finger" | Radial nerve, C6-C8 |
| Extensor Digitorum | Lateral epicondyle of humerus via Common Extensor Tendon (CET) | Base of distal phalanges of the four fingers (last joint in distal finger) | Extends fingers and wrist | Superficial level of posterior forearm | Radial nerve, deep branch C6-C8 |
| Extensor Digitorum Brevis | floor of sinus tarsi and external retinaculum | divides to lateral 4 toes | Extends the four lessor toes | (blank) | Deep peroneal L5, S1 |
| Extensor Digitorum Longus | lateral condyle tibia, superior 3/4 of medial surface of the fibula, interosseous membrane | middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 toes | Extends lateral 4 toes, dorsiflexion of ankle, weak eversion of foot | Lower leg - anterior. Superficial, just lateral to extensor hallicus longus | Deep peroneal (L5, S1) |
| Extensor Hallicus Longus | Middle part of anterior surface of fibula & interosseous membrane | dorsal aspect of base of the distal phalanx of the great toe | Extends great toe, dorsiflexion of ankle, invertor of foot | Lower leg - anterior. Second level just lateral to tibialis anterior | deep peroneal n (L5,S1) |
| (blank) | Posterior Ulna, interosseous membrane | Extensor expansion of the posterior surface of the index finger | Extends index finger | Deepest level of the dorsal aspect of forearm | Radial nerve, C6-C8 |
| Extensor Pollicis Brevis | Interosseous membrane, posterior surface of radius | Base of proximal phalanx tissue of thumb | Extends thumb, radial deviation | Deepest level of the dorsal aspect of forearm | Radial nerve, C6, C7 |
| Extensor Pollicis Longus | Middle 1/3 of dorsolateral surface of ulna (posterior), interosseous membrane | Base of the distal phalanx of the thumb | Extends the thumb | Deepest level of the dorsal aspect of forearm | Radial nerve, C6-C8 |
| Flexor Carpi Radialis | Medial epicondyle of humerus via CFT | Base of 2 & 3 metacarpals (index & middle finger) | Flexion of hand, abduction/radial deviation at wrist joint | Superficial level of anterior forearm. Crossing from the medial to lateral side | Median nerve C6, C7 |
| Flexor Carpi Ulnaris | Humeroulnar head: Medial epicondyle of humerus via common flexor tendon (CFT), Ulnar head: Olecranon process | Pisiform, hook of hamate, base of fifth metacarpal | Flexion of the hand, adduction/ulnar deviation at wrist joint | Superficial layer of anterior forearm. Medial to palmaris longus. | Ulnar nerve C8, T1 |
| Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis - Foot | Base of the 5th metatarsal & sheath of peroneus longus tendon | Lateral base of proximal phalanx of 5th toe | Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th toe | (blank) | Lateral plantar S1, S2 |
| Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis - Hand | Anterior surface of flexor retinaculum, hook of hamate | Medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of 5th digit | Flexes 5th digit @ the metacarpophalangeal joint | Makes up the hypothenar eminence, middle layer | Ulnar nerve, C8, T1 |
| Flexor Digitorum Brevis | Sides of middle phalanges of digits 1-4 | Flexes middle phalanges | (blank) | Medial plantar n | |
| Flexor Digitorum Longus | Medial part of the posterior surface of the tibia, inferior to soleal line | Base of the distal phalanges of the four lessor toes | Flexes the four lessor toes, assists in plantar flexion & inversion; Supports long arch of foot | Lower leg - posterior. Deep on posteromedial aspect of the calf, lateral to the tibialis posterior. Tendon travels around the calcaneous on the medial side | Tibial nerve (S2,S3) |
| Flexor Digitorum Profundus | Upper 3/4 anterior & medial shaft of ulna, medial coronoid process, interosseous membrane (connective tissue b/t the radius and ulna) Upper 3/4 anterior & medial shaft of ulna, medial coronoid process, interosseous membrane (connective tissue b/t the radi | Base of the distal phalanges. Digits 2-5 | Flexes 4 medial fingers, distal phalanges. | Deep layer of anterior forearm | Medial 1/2: Ulnar nerve |
| Flexor Digitorum Superficialis | Humeroulnar head: Medial epicondyle of humerus via common flexor tendon (CFT), Radial head: Anterior shaft of radius | Medial and lateral sides of middle phalanges. Digits 2-5 | Flexion of middle phalanges | Intermediate/second level of anterior forearm | Median nerve C7, C8, T1 |
| Flexor Hallicus Longus | Lower 2/3 posterior surface of fibula, inferior part of interosseous membrane | Base of the distal phalanx of the great toe | Flexes great toe, plantar flexion and inversion of foot. support medial long arch | Lower leg - posterior. Powerful push-off m during walking. Travels around the calcaneous on the medial side | Tibial nerve (S2,S3) |
| Flexor Hallucis Brevis | Cuboid, lateral cuneiform | Medial head: Medial base of proximal phalanx of great toe, Lateral head: Lateral base of proximal phalanx of great toe | Flexes proximal phalanx of great toe | (blank) | Medial plantar L4, L5, S1 |
| Flexor Pollicis Brevis | Flexor retinaculum, trapezium, 1st metacarpal | Base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb | Flexes the metacarpophalengeal joint, assists in abduction & rotation of thumb | Makes up the thenar eminence, | Lateral head: Median nerve C6, C7 Medial head: Ulnar nerve C8, T1 |
| Flexor Pollicis Longus | Medial epicondyle of humerus, interosseous membraine, mid anterior shaft of radius | Base of distal phalanx of thumb | Flexion of the distal phalanx of the thumb | Deep layer of anterior forearm | Median nerve, Anterior Interosseous branch C8, T1 |
| Gastrocnemius | Lateral head: lateral condyle of the femur; Medial head: Popliteal surface of the femur ABOVE the medial condyle of the femur | Inserts into the posterior surface of calcaneous via calcaneol tendon AKA achilles tendon | Plantar flexion, knee flexion; inversion of foot | Lower leg - posterior. Superficial of the calf | Tibial nerve S1, S2 |
| Gemellus - Inferior | ischial tuberosity | Common with tendon of obturator internus to medial surface of greater trochanter | Lateral rotation of extended thigh; abducts flexed thigh; steadies femur | Just inferior to superior gemellus | inferior n. to quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus (L5, S1) |
| Gemellus - Superior | Ischial spine | Common with tendon of obturator internus to medial surface of greater trochanter | Lateral rotation of extended thigh; abducts flexed thigh; steadies femur | (blank) | superior n to OI & superior gemellus (L5, S1) |
| Geniohyoid | Inferior mental spine on the interior surface of the mandible | Body of the hyoid bone | Protrudes the hyoid bone & tongue | Forms the Anterior Triangle of the neck - Suprahyoid muscles | Branch of C1, through hypoglossal nerve |
| Gluteus Maximus | Outer surface of the ilium, posterior sacrum & coccyx, subtuberous ligament | Iliotibial band (ITB), some fibers to gluteal tuberosity of femur | Hip extension, assists in lateral rotation; ext of trunk when LE are fixed | Superficial covering of the posterior aspect of the hip joint | Inferior gluteal L5, S1, S2 ventral rami |
| Gluteus Medius | Outer surface of ilium b/w anterior & posterior gluteal lines | Lateral surface of the greater trochanter of the femur | Abduction & medially rotates thigh | Intermediate, more lateral than gluteus maximus. Mostly covered by gluteus maximus - Test using "Stork Test" | Superior gluteal L5, S1 |
| Gluteus Minimus | Outer surface of ilium between anterior & inferior gluteal lines | Anterior surface of greater trochanter | Abducts & medially rotates thigh | Deep, more lateral than gluteus maximus. Covered by gluteus maximus and medius | Superior gluteal n. L5, S1 |
| Gracilis | Body & inferior ramus of pubis | superior medial surface of the tibia (pes anserinus) | adducts thigh; flexes leg; assists with medial rotation of leg | Adductor - on superficial level on the medial aspect of the thigh | Obturator (anterior branch) L2,L3 |
| Iliacus | Upper 2/3 of iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, AIIS & adjacent ligaments | Tendon of psoas major to Lessor trochanter of the femur | Hip flexion | Deepest level of the anterior pelvis. Commonly called the Iliopsoas muscle | Femoral (L2, L3) |
| Iliocostalis Cervicis | Angles of the ribs | TVP C4-C6 | Bilateral: extension Unilateral: lateral flexion | (blank) | Spinal nerves, dorsal primary division |
| Iliocostalis Thoracis | Angles of lower 6 ribs | Angles of upper 6 ribs & TVP of C7 | Bilateral: extension Unilateral: lateral flexion | Medial to iliocostalis lumborum | Spinal nerves, dorsal primary division |
| Infraspinatus | Infraspinous fossa of the scapula | Middle facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus. | Lateral rotation of humerus, stabilization | Second level of Upper back | Suprascapular C5, C6 |
| Intercostales Externi | Inferior border of upper 11 ribs | Superior border of rib below | Draws ribs UP, increasing thoracic volume | Muscles of inspiration. Fibers run obliquely downward toward the costal cartilage | Intercostals |
| Intercostales Interni | From the cartilage to the angles of the upper 11 ribs | Superior border of the rib below | Draws ribs DOWN, decreasing thoracic volume | Muscles of expiration. Fibers run obliquely upward toward the costal cartilage | Intercostals |
| Interspinalis | Spinous process of C3-C7, T2-T12, L2-L5 | Spinous process of vertebrae above | Extension of spine | (blank) | Spinal nerves, dorsal primary division |
| Latissimus Dorsi | Through the Thoracolumbar fascia (T7-T12, L1-L5, S1-S5), Iliac crest, lower 3 or 4 ribs | Floor of the Bicipital groove of the humerus | Extension, adduction & medial rotation of the humerus | Superficial level of lower back | Thoracodorsal C6-C8 |
| Levator Anguli Oris | Canine fossa of maxilla | Angle of the mouth | Elevates the corner (angle) of the mouth | Deep to Levator Labii Superioris | Facial nerve, buccal branch |
| Levator Labii Superioris | Angular head: Frontal process of the maxilla & zygomatic bone Infraorbital head: Lower margin of the orbit | Angular head: Greater alar cartilage & skin of nose & upper lip Infraorbital head: Muscle of upper lip | Angular head dilates the nares & both heads elevate the upper lip | 2 heads - Angular, Infraorbital | Facial nerve, buccal branch |
| Levator Palpebrae Superioris | Inferior surface of the lessor wing of the sphenoid bone | Skin of the upper eyelid | Superior movement of upper eyelid | (blank) | Oculomotor nerve |
| Levator Scapula | Tranverse processes C1-C4 | Medial border of the scapula. Superior the spine & Inferior the superior angle of the scapula | Elevates the scapula. Downward rotation (acromion process goes down) | Second level of the upper back | Dorsal Scapular C5 |
| Longissimus Capitus | TVP T1-T5, articular processes of C5-C7 | Posterior portion of mastoid process | Bilateral: extension of head Unilateral: rotation of head | (blank) | Middle & lower cervical nerves, dorsal primary division |
| Longissimus Cervicis | TVP T1-T5 | TVP C2-C6 | Bilateral: extension Unilateral: lateral flexion | (blank) | Spinal nerves, dorsal primary division |
| Longissimus Thoracis | Medial & lateral sacral crests, spinous processes & supraspinal ligaments of T11-L5 & medial part of iliac crest | TVP of T1-T12, between tubercles, angles of lower 9-10 ribs | Bilateral: extension Unilateral: lateral flexion | (blank) | Spinal nerves, dorsal primary division |
| Longus Capitis | TVP of C3 - C6 | Occiput bone anterior to the foramen magnum | Flexes head | Deep cervical spine - anterior surface of vertebra Forms Posterior Triangle of the neck | C1 - C3 |
| Longus Colli | Superior Oblique part: TVP C3-C5 Inferior Oblique part: Bodies of T1-T3 Vertical part: Anterior bodies of C5-T3 | Superior Oblique part: Anterior arch of atlas Inferior Oblique part: TVP C5 & C6 Vertical part: Anterior surface of C2 - C4 | All three parts flex the cervical vertebrae | Deep cervical spine - anterior surface of vertebrae, Forms Posterior Triangle of the neck Superior oblique part: TVP's to the Atlas Inferior oblique part: Bodies to TVP's above Vertical part: Bodies to bodies above | C2 - C7 |
| Lumbricales - Foot | Tendon of flexor digitorum longus | Dorsal surfaces of proximal phalanges | Flexes proximal phalanges of 4 lessor toes | (blank) | 1st - medial plantar L4, L5 2nd-5th - lateral plantar |
| Lumbricals - Hand | Tendons of flexor digitorum palmaris in the palm | Lateral side of extensor digitorum on the fingers | Extends the fingers & the interphalangeal joint | Four muscles | 1st - medial plantar n; lateral 3 - lateral plantar n |
| Masseter | Zygomatic process of maxilla, medial & inferior surfaces of zygomatic arch | Angle & ramus of the mandible, lateral surface of coronoid process of the mandible | Closes lower jaw & clenches teeth | (blank) | Trigeminal nerve – mandibular division |
| Mentalis | Incisive fossa of the mandible | Skin of the chin | Raises & protrudes the lower lip & wrinkles the skin of the chin. | John Travolta chin | Facial nerve, mandibular branch |
| Multifids | Sacral Spine - along the sacral foramina up to the PSIS Lumbar Spine - mamillary process Thoracic Spine - TVP's Cervical Spine - articular processes of C4-C7 | Spinous process 2 to 4 vertebrae above | Bilateral: extension Unilateral: contralateral rotation of spine | (blank) | Spinal nerves, dorsal primary division |
| Mylohyoid | Inside surface of the mandible from the symphysis to the molars, mylohyoid line | Hyoid bone | Elevates the hyoid, raises the floor of the mouth & tongue | Forms the Anterior Triangle of the neck - Suprahyoid muscles | Trigeminal nerve, mandibular division |
| Nasalis | Transverse part: Middle of the maxilla Alar part: Greater alar cartilage, skin on nose | Transverse part: Muscle of opposite side over the bridge of the nose Alar part: Skin on the point of the nose Alar part: Skin on the point of the nose | Maintain the opening of the external nares during forceful inspiration | 2 parts - transverse & alar | Facial nerve, buccal branch |
| Obliquus Capitis Inferior | Spinous Process of C2 - Axis | TVP of C1 - Atlas | Ipsilateral rotation - affects only C1 & C2 | (blank) | Suboccipital nerve |
| Obliquus Capitis Superior | TVP of C1 - Atlas | Occiput between inferior & superior nuchal lines | Extends head & ipsilateral lateral flexion | (blank) | Suboccipital nerve |
| Obturator Externus | margins of obturator foramen & obturator membrane | Trochanteric fossa of femur | Lateral rotation of thigh; steadies head of femur | (blank) | Obturator nerve (posterior division) L3, L4 |
| Obturator Internus | Pelvic surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bones | Common tendon with superior & inferior gamelli to medial surface of greater trochanter of femur | Lateral rotation of extended thigh; abducts flexed thigh; steadies the femoral head | Obturator internus, superior & inferior gemellus form a common tendon to insert into the upper border of the greater trochanter of the femur | n. to oburator internus & superior gemellus (L5, S1) |
| Omohyoid | Superior border of the scapula, just medial to the suprascapular notch | Inferior: Bound to the clavicle by the central tendon Superior:Continues to the body of the hyoid bone | Depresses hyoid | Forms the Anterior Triangle of the neck - Infrahyoid muscles | Ansa cervicalis, C2-C3 |
| Opponens Digiti Minimi | Anterior surface of flexor retinaculum, hook of hamate | Entire length of the medial border of the 5th | metacarpalRotates & draws 5th metacarpal forward & assists in flexion of carpometacarpal joint (wrist) | (blank) | Ulnar nerve C8, T1 |
| Opponens Pollicis | Flexor retinaculum, tubercle of the trapezium | Lateral border of 1st metacarpal | Rotates the thumb into opposition with fingers | Makes up the thenar eminence, deep to abductor pollicis | Median nerve C6, C7 |
| Orbicularis Oculi | Orbital part: Frontal bone, maxilla Palpebral part: Medial palpebral ligament Lacrimal part: Lacrimal bone | Orbital part: Continues around the orbit back to the origin Palpebral part: Lateral palpebral ligament into the zygomatic bone Lacrimal part: Lateral palpebral raphe | Orbital - strong eye closure Palpebral (eyelid) - gentle eye closure Lacrimal - draws lacrimal canal onto eye surface | 3 parts | Facial nerve, temporal & zygomatic branch |
| Orbicularis Oris | Lateral band: Alveolar border of the maxilla Medial band: Septum of the nose Inferior portion: Lateral to the midline of the mandible | Becomes continuous with other muscles at the angle of the mouth into itself | Closure & protrusion of lips | 3 parts - Lateral band, Medial band, Inferior portion | Facial nerve, buccal & mandibular branch |
| Palmar Interossei | (blank) | (blank) | Adduct fingers toward center of third finger at metacarpophalangeal joints, assists in flexion of fingers | (blank) | Ulnar nerve C8, T1 |
| Palmaris Brevis | Flexor retinaculum, palmar aponeurosis | Skin of the palm | Corrugates the skin under the palm | (blank) | Ulnar nerve, C8 |
| Palmaris Longus | Medial epicondyle of humerus via CFT | Palmar aponeurosis | Flexes the hand | Superficial level of anterior forearm. | Median nerve C6, C7 |
| Pectineus | superior ramus of the pubis | pectineal line of femur, inferior to lesser trochanter | adducts & flexes thigh; assists with medial rotation of thigh | Second level of the anterior art of the proximal & medial aspect of the thigh | Femoral n (L2, L3); may receive brand from obturator n. |
| Pectoralis Major | Medial ½ of clavicle, sternum (manubrium & sternal body), upper 6 costal cartilages, aponeurosis of the external oblique (abs) | Lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus | Adduction, flexion, medial rotation of arm @ shoulder | Superficial level of Upper chest | Medial & lateral Pectoral nerves |
| Pectoralis Minor | Anterior surface of ribs 3, 4, 5 | Corocoid process of scapula | Draws scapula down and forward | Deepest level in Upper chest. Deep to Pec major | Medial Pectoral nerve |
| Peroneus Brevis | Inferior 2/3 lateral surface of the fibula | dorsal suface of tuberosit on Lateral side of the 5th metatarsal | evertion of foot, weak Plantar flexor | Lower leg - lateral. Easily palpated | Superficial peroneal n (L5, S1, S2) |
| Peroneus Longus | the head & superior 2/3 lateral surface of the fibula | base of 1st metatarsal & medial cuneiform | Plantar flexes ankle & everts foot, depresses the base of the 1st metatarsal | more superficial than brevis | Superficial peroneal n ( L5, S1, S2) |
| Peroneus Tertius | Inferior 1/3 anterior surface of the fibula & interosseous membrane | Dorsal surface of the base of the 5th metatarsal | Doriflexion of ankle & assists in eversion of foot | Lower leg - anterior. Superficial, antereolateral surface of leg | deep peroneal n (L5, S1) |
| Piriformis | Anterior sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament | superior border of the greater trochanter | Lateral rotation of extended thigh, abducts flexed thigh; stedies femoral head in acetabulum | Runs behind the ilium | nerve to piriformis (S1, S2) |
| Plantar Interossei | Base and medial sides of 3, 4, 5 metatarsals | Medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges of 3 -5th toes | Adducts toes, flexes proximal phalanges | (blank) | Lateral plantar S1, S2 |
| Plantaris | inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur & oblique popliteal ligament | posterior surface of calaneous via achilles tendon | weak assist of plantar flexion of ankle, knee flexion | Lower leg - posterior. Absent in 10% of people | Tibial nerve S1,S2 |
| Platysma | Subcutaneous fascia of the upper 1/4 of the chest | Subcutaneous fascia & muscle of the chin, jaw & mandible | Depresses & draws lower lip laterally | (blank) | Facial nerve, cervical branch |
| Popliteus | Lateral surface of the lateral condyle of the femur & lat meniscus | posterior surface of the tibia superior to soleal line | Weakly flexes knee; With foot free rotates knee medially. Unlocks the knee | Lower leg - posterior. Deep layer, very short muscle. | Tibial nerve L4, L5, S1 |
| Procerus | Fascia over the nasal bone & lateral nasal cartilage | Skin between the eyebrows | Draws down the medial part of the eyebrows & wrinkles the nose | (blank) | Facial nerve, buccal branch |
| Pronator Quadratus | Anterior, distal shaft of Ulna | Distal antereolateral surface of radius | Pronation of forearm and hand | Deepest level of anterior forearm. Forms band across wrist. Origin on Ulna and the insertion is slightly more distal on the Radius | Median nerve, anterior interosseous branch C8, T1 |
| Pronator Teres | Humeral head: Medial supracondylar ridge, medial epicondyle of the humerus Ulnar head: Coronoid process | Mid lateral surface of radius | Pronation, flexion of forearm | (blank) | Median nerve C6, C7 |
| Psoas Major | sides of T12-L5 vertebrae and discs & transvers processes of all lumbar vertebrae | Lessor trochanter of the femur | Hip flexion, stabalizes hip jt with psoas minor & iliacus | Deepest level of the anterior lumbar spine. Commonly called the Iliopsoas muscle | L1,2,3 ventral rami |
| Pterygoid-Lateral | Superior head: lateral surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone Inferior head: lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate | Condyle of the mandible & tempomandibular joint | Opens jaw , protrudes & moves mandible sideways | (blank) | Trigeminal nerve – mandibular division |
| Pterygoid-Medial | Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone, palentine bone, tuberosity of maxilla | Medial surface of the ramus & angle of the mandible | Closes lower jaw & clenches teeth | Deep to masseter. Palpable from the inside | Trigeminal nerve – mandibular division |
| Quadratus Femoris | Lateral border of ischial tuberosity | Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur and inferior to it | Lateral rotation of thigh; steadies the femoral head | (blank) | n to quadratus femoris & inferior gemellus (L5, S1) |
| Quadratus Lumborum | medial 1/2 of inferior border or rib 12; tips of lumbar transverse processes | iliolumbar lig & internal lip of iliac crest | fixes 12th rib during inspiration, Lateral flexion, raises one hip, bilateral assists in lumbar ext | (blank) | ventral rami T12, L1-4 |
| Quadratus Plantae | Medial head: Medial calcaneus Lateral head: Lateral border of the inferior calcaneous | Lateral margin of tendon of flexor digitorum | Flexes distal phalanx of 4 lessor toes | (blank) | Lateral plantar S1, S2 |
| Rectus Capitus Anterior | Anterior base of TVP of the Atlas | Occipital bone anterior to Foramen Magnum | Flexes head | Deep cervical spine - anterior surface of vertebra | C2, C3 |
| Rectus Capitus Lateralis | TVP of the atlas | Jugular process of the occipital bone | Bends head laterally | Deep cervical spine - anterior surface of vertebra | C2, C3 |
| Rectus Capitus Posterior Major | C2 -Axis | Lateral portion of inferior nuchal line | Extends head & ipsilateral rotation | (blank) | Suboccipital nerve |
| Rectus Capitus Posterior Minor | Posterior arch of C1 - Atlas | Medial portion of the inferior nuchal line | Extends head | (blank) | Suboccipital nerve |
| Rectus Femoris | AIIS & ilium superior to acetabulum | base of patella via quadriceps tendon to Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon | Extends leg at knee joint & flexes thigh at hip; steadies hip joint | Below sartorius, most superficial quadracep in the middle of the anterior thigh | Femoral L2, L3, L4 |
| Rhomboid Major | Spinous processes of T2-T5 | Medial edge of the scapula. Inferior spine of the scapula | Retraction, downward rotation of the scapula (elevation of medial border) | Second level of the upper back | Dorsal Scapular C5 |
| Rhomboid Minor | Spinous processes of C7-T1 | Root of the spine of the scapula. Superior rhomboideus major | Retraction, downward rotation of the scapula (elevation of medial border) | Second level of the upper back | Dorsal Scapular C5 |
| Risorius | Fascia over the masseter | Skin at the angle of the mouth | Retracts the angle of the mouth (grinning) | (blank) | Facial nerve, mandibular branch |
| Rotators | TVP of each vertebrae | Spinous process of vertebrae | Bilateral: extension Unilateral: contralateral rotation of spine | (blank) | Spinal nerves, dorsal primary division |
| Sartorius | ASIS & supreior part of notch inferior to it | superior part of the medial surface of the tibia (cover tendons of gracilis & semitendinosus: pes anserinus) | Flexes, abducts & laterally rotates femur at the thigh. flexes leg at knee joint | Longest muscle in the body. Superficial, crossing the anterior thigh from lateral to medial | Femoral L2, L3 |
| Scalenes - Anterior | TVP C3 - C6 | Inner border of first rib - the scalene tubercle | Unilateral: Ipsilateral lateral flexion & contralateral rotation. Raises 1st rib in inspiration, chest breathing Bilateral: Flexes neck | Forms Posterior Triangle of the neck | Ventral rami of cervical nerve C1 - C8 |
| Scalenes - Middle | TVP C2 - C7 | Upper surface of 1st rib | Unilateral: Ipsilateral flexion & contralateral rotation. Raises 1st rib in inspiration Bilateral: Flexes neck | Forms Posterior Triangle of the neck | Ventral rami of cervical nerve C1-C8 |
| Scalenes - Posterior | TVP C5 - C7 | Outer surface of 2nd rib | Bilateral - flexes neck Unilateral - ipsilateral flexion & contralateral rotation. Raises 2nd rib in inspiration | Forms Posterior Triangle of the neck | Ventral rami of the lower cervical nerves |
| Semimembranosus | Ischial tuberosity | Posterior part of the medial tibial condlye | extend thigh;Flexes knee; medially rotates leg at knee joint; extend trunk when feet planted | Deep to semitendinosus | Sciatic nerve, tibial division L5, S1, S2 |
| Semispinalis Capitus | Ligmentum Nuchae-C7 and T1-3 | occiptal bone and mastoid process o temporal bone | Bilateral: extension of the head Unilateral: rotation of the head | (blank) | Spinal nerves, dorsal primary division |
| Semispinalis Cervicis | TVP of T1-T6 | Spinous processes of C2-C5 | Bilateral: extension Unilateral: rotation | (blank) | Spinal nerves, dorsal primary division |
| Semispinalis Thoracis | TVP T6-T10 | Spinous processes of C6-T4 | Bilateral: extension Unilateral: rotation | (blank) | Spinal nerves, dorsal primary division |
| Semitendinosus | Ischial tuberosity | Medial surface of superior tibia (pes anserinus) | extend thigh; Flexes knee, medially rotates leg at knee joint; extend trunk when feet planted (reverse axn) | Superficial to semimembranosus, provides medial support | Sciatic nerve, tibial division L5, S1, S2 |
| Serratus Anterior | Outer surface and anterior border of first 8 or 9 ribs | Anterior, medial border of scapula | Downward rotation, protraction and stabilization of scapula | Deepest level of lateral thorax and upper back | Long Thoracic nerve, C5-C7 |
| Serratus Posterior Inferior | Sp. Pr. T11 - L3 | Inferior border of lower 4 ribs | Pulls ribs down, resisting the force of the diaphram | Muscle of expiration | T9 - T12 |
| Serratus Posterior Superior | Ligamentum nuchae, Sp. Pr. C7 - T3 | Superior borders of ribs 2 - 5 | Raises ribs during inspiration, increases thoracic volume | Muscle of inspiration | T1-T4 |
| Soleus | Posterior aspect of head of fibula, sup 1/4 of post surface of fibula, and soleal line of tibia & medialborder of tibia | posterior surface of Calcaneous via the achilles tendon | Plantar flexion; inversion of foot | Lower leg - posterior. Second level of calf, immediately below the gastrocnemious | Tibial nerve S1, S2 |
| Spinalis Cervicis | Ligamentum nuchae, spinous process C7 | Spinous process of Axis (C2) | Extends cervical spine | (blank) | Spinal nerves, dorsal primary division |
| Spinalis Thoracis | Spinous process of T11-L2 | Spinous processes of T1-T8 | Extends thoracic spine | (blank) | Spinal nerves, dorsal primary division |
| Splenius Capitus | ligamentum nuchae, C7 and T1-3 | occiptal bone and mastoid process of temporal bone | Bilateral: extend, hyperextend the head Unilateral: lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation | (blank) | Middle & lower cervical nerve, lateral branches of dorsal primary division |
| Splenius Cervicis | Spinous process of T3-T6 | TVP C1-C3 | Bilateral: extend, hyperextend the head Unilateral: lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation | (blank) | (blank) |
| Sternocleidomastoid | Sternal head: Manubrium of the sternum Clavicular head: Medial part of the clavicle | Mastoid process, lateral 1/2 of the superior nuchal line of the occiput | Unilateral : Ipsilateral lateral flexion, contralateral rotation Bilateral: Flexes head & neck | (blank) | Accessory nerve (CNXI), spinal part C2, C3 |
| Sternohyoid | Medial end of the clavicle & manubrium | Body of the hyoid bone | Depresses the hyoid bone | Forms the Anterior Triangle of the neck - Infrahyoid muscles | Ansa cervicalis C1- C3 "U-shaped" |
| Sternothyroid | Dorsal surface of the manubrium | Lamina of the thyroid cartilage | Depresses thyroid cartilage | Forms the Anterior Triangle of the neck - Infrahyoid muscles | Ansa cervicalis, C1-C3 |
| Stylohyoid | Styloid process of the temporal bone | Hyoid bone | Draws the hyoid backwards & elevates the tongue | Forms the Anterior Triangle of the neck - Suprahyoid muscles | Facial nerve |
| Subclavius | 1st rib | Inferior surface of medial clavicle | Depress the clavicle (very small movement) | (blank) | C5, C6 |
| Subscapularis | Supscapular fossa | Lesser tubercle of humerus | Medial rotation of humerus, stabilization | Deepest level of upper back. | Upper & Lower Subscapular C5, C6 |
| Supinator | Lateral epicondyle of humerus, lateral ligament of elbow | Upper 1/3 of dorsolateral surface of radius | Supinates forearm | Deepest level of the dorsal aspect of the forearm, passes obliquely from lateral to medial | Radial nerve C6 |
| Supraspinatus | Supraspinous fossa of the scapula | Superior part of the Greater Tubercle of humerus | Initiates Abduction (10-15 degrees). Stabilization. | Second level of Upper back. Forms part of SITS group | Suprascapular C5 |
| Temporalis | Temporal fossa, consists of the frontal, temporal & parietal bones of skull | Coronoid process, anterior border of ramus of the mandible | Closes lower jaw & clenches teeth | (blank) | Trigeminal nerve – mandibular division |
| Temporoparietals | Fascia over the ear | Lateral border of the galea aponeurotica | Raises ears, tightens scalp | Deep to temporal fascia | Facial nerve - temporal branch |
| Tensor Fasciae Latae | ASIS & anterior part of iliac crest | Iliotibial band (ITB) to lateral tibial condyle | abducts, medially rotate, and flexes the thigh; support femur on tibia when standing, but no direct axn on leg; steady trunk on thigh | Superficial on the lateral thigh | Superior gluteal (L4, L5) |
| Teres Major | Lower 1/3 lateral border of scapula. Near the inferior angle | Medial lip of the bicipital groove | Medial rotation of humerus, Adduction, extension | Second level of Upper back | Lower Subscapular C5, C6 |
| Teres Minor | Upper 2/3 lateral border of scapula | Inferior facet of the greater tubercle of humerus. Just below the infraspinatus | Lateral rotation of humerus, stabilization | Second level of Upper back | Axillary C5 |
| Thyrohyoid | Lamina of the thyroid cartilage | Greater cornu of the hyoid bone | Depresses the hyoid or raises the thyroid | Forms the Anterior Triangle of the neck - Infrahyoid muscles | C1 through the hypoglossal nerve |
| Tibialis Anterior | Lateral condyle of tibia, superior 1/2 of lateral surface of tibia & interosseous membrane | Medial & plantar surface of the 1st cuneiform (medial) & base of the 1st metatarsal | Doriflexion of ankle & weak invertor of foot | Lower leg - anterior. Most superficial, anteriolateral surface of the tibia | deep peroneal n (L4,5) |
| Tibialis Posterior | interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line, & post surface of fibula | Navicular tubercle, cuboid, all cuneiform bones, metatarsals 2-4 & sustentaculum tali (all of the tarsal bones execpt talus) | MAIN invertor of foot, Plantar flexion; resists collapse of arch | Lower leg - posterior. Deepest and between flexor hallicus longus and flexor digitorum longus. Tendon travels around the calcaneous on the medial side | Tibial nerveL4, L5 |
| Trapezius | Base of skull; Superior nuchal line, occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7-T12 | Lateral 1/3 clavicle, acromion process, spine of the scapula | Upper portion: elevation & rotation of scapula. Lower portion: depress scapula | Superficial level of the Upper back | Accessory C3, C4 |
| Triceps Brachii - Lateral head | Upper ½ posterior shaft of humerus, above the radial groove | Olecranon process | Extends forearm | Superficial layer on the posterior arm | Radial C7, C8 |
| Triceps Brachii - Long head | Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula | Olecranon process | Extends forearm, assists in adduction of shoulder if arm is abducted | Superficial layer on the posterior arm | Radial C7, C8 |
| Triceps Brachii - Medial head | Lower ½ posterior shaft of humerus, below the radial groove | Olecranon process | Extends forearm | Superficial layer of the posterior arm | Radial C7, C8 |
| Vastus Intermedius | Anterior & lateral surfaces of body of the femur | base of patella via quadriceps tendon to Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon | Knee extension | Deep to biceps femoris, close to the anterior shaft of the femur | Femoral L2, L3, L4 |
| Vastus Lateralis | greater trochanter and lateral lip of lineas aspera of femur | base of patella via quadriceps tendon to Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon | Knee extension | Superficial on the lateral side of the thigh | Femoral L2, L3, L4 |
| Vastus Medialis | Intertrochanteric line & medial lip of the linea aspera | base of patella via quadriceps tendon to Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon | Knee extension | Superficial on the medial side of the thigh | Femoral L2, L3, L4 |
| Zygomaticus Major | Zygomatic bone | Angle of the mouth | Draws angle of mouth up & back (laughing) | Lateral to Zygomaticus Minor | Facial nerve, buccal branch |
| Zygomaticus Minor | Zygomatic bone | Upper lip lateral to levator labii superioris | Forms the nassolabial furrow | Medial to Zygomaticus Major | Facial nerve, buccal branch |
| Levator Ani (3 parts) | puborectalis, pubococcygues (main part), iliococcygeus | (blank) | supports pelvic viscera, resists thrusts of increased intra-abdominal pressure (coughing, etc) | (blank) | perineal brances of S3, 4 |
| psoas minor | sides of T12-L1 vertebrae an disc | pectineal line & iliopectineal eminence | acts with psoas major & iliacus to flex the thigh at the hip and stabilize the joint | tendon like | L1, L2 ventral rami |
| Extensor Hallicus Brevis | from floor of sinus tarsi, and external retinaculum | great toe | extends great toe | (blank) | deep peroneal n |
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