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APII Lymphatic
Lymphatic
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The lymphatic system returns ___ ___ back to the bloodstream. | interstitial fluid |
| The lymphatic system maintains blood ___ ___. | volume levels |
| The lymphatic system transports ___ and ___-___ ___ into the bloodstream through lacteals. | lipids, lipid-soluble vitamins |
| The lymphatic system aids in ___ and ___ of lymphocytes. | production, maturation |
| The lymphatic system generates an immune response against antigens in the ___ ___. | interstitial fluid |
| Name the 8 parts of the lymph vessel network from smallest to largest components: | 1) lymph 2) lymphatic capillaries 3) lymphatic vessels 4) lymphatic trunks 5) lymphatic ducts 6) lymphatic cells 7) lymphatic nodules 8) lymphatic organs |
| Lymph is comprised of: ___ ___, ___, and ___ ___. | interstitial fluid, solutes, foreign materials |
| Lymphatic capillaries are closed-ended tubes found interspersed among most blood ___ ___ (except bone marrow and ___). | capillary beds, CNS |
| Lymphatic capillaries resemble blood capillaries (endothelium) but they are ___ in diameter, have no ___ ___ and have overlapping endothelial cells that act as one-way valves allowing _____ _____ a one-way entrance into lymphatic capillaries. | larger, basement membrane, interstitial fluid |
| The gastrointestinal tract contains specialized lymph capillaries called ___ that collect not only interstitial fluid, but also ___ and ___-___ _____. | lacteals, lipids, lipid-soluble vitamins |
| The lymph collected from the gastrointestinal system has a milky color due to ___ absorption and is called ___. | lipid, chyle |
| Lymphatic capillaries merge to form ___ ___. | lymphatic vessels |
| ___ ___ resemble venules, in that they have components of all three vascular tunics and possess valves similar to veins. | Lymphatic vessels |
| ___ lymphatic vessels bring lymph IN to a lymph node. | Afferent |
| ___ lymphatic vessels transport filtered lymph OUT and away from the lymph node. | Efferent |
| Lymph is continuously examined for ___. | antigens |
| functions of the lymphatic system, return interstitial fluid back to bloodstream, maintain ___ ___, transport ___ through lacteals, production of____, generate an immune response | blood volume, lipids, lymphocytes |
| Lymph is comprised of ___ ___, ___, ___ ___ | interstitial fluid, solutes, foreign materials |
| Lymphatic capillaries are ___ ___ tubes that are found interspersed among most blood capillary beds (except in ___ and ___). | closed-ended, bone marrow and CNS |
| Lymphatic capillaries resemble blood capillaries how ___. | endothelium |
| Lymphatic capillaries are ___ in diameter, ___ basement membrane and have overlapping ___ ___ that act as one-way valves allowing interstitial fluid a one-way entrance. | larger, no, endothelial cells |
| The GI tract contains specialized lymph capillaries called ___ that collect interstitial fluid, lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins. | lacteals |
| The lymph collected from the GI system has a milky color due to the lipid absorption and is called ___. | chyle |
| Lymphatic capillaries merge to form ___ ___. | lymphatic vessels |
| ___ lymphatic vessels bring lymph to a lymph node. | Afferent |
| ___ lymphatic vessels transport filtered lymph away from the lymph node. | Efferent |
| Lymph is continuously examined for ___. | antigens |
| Left and right lymphatic trunks form from merging ___ ___. | lymphatic vessels |
| Jugular lymphatic trunks drain | head and neck |
| Subclavian lymphatic trunks drain | upper limbs, breasts and superficial thoracic wall |
| Bronchiomediastinal lymphatic trunks drain | deep thoracic structures |
| Lumbar lymphatic trunks drain the ___ limbs, ___ wall and the ___ organs. | lower, abdominopelvic, pelvic |
| Lymphatic ducts are formed from the fusion of ___ ___. | lymphatic trunks |
| The right lymphatic duct is located deep to the ___ ___ and returns lymph at the junction of the right subclavian and ___ ___ veins. | right clavicle, internal jugular |
| The right lymphatic duct returns lymph from the | right side of the head and neck, right upper limb and the right side of the thorax |
| The thoracic duct is the ___ lymphatic vessel. | largest |
| thoracic duct begins just inferior to the as a rounded saclike structure called the ___ ___. | diaphragm, cisterna chyli |
| The thoracic duct collects lymph from most of the body excluding the right ___ ___ drainage. | lymphatic duct |
| The thoracic duct passes through the ___ ___of the diaphragm and returns lymph into the junction between the ___ ___ and internal jugular veins. | aortic opening, left subclavian |
| 4 types of lymphatic cells | macrophages, nurse cells, dendritic cells, lymphocytes |
| Monocytes that have migrated to the lymphatic system. | macrophages |
| Special epithelial cells in thymus that secrete thymic hormones. | nurse cells |
| Main antigen-presenting cell in the immune system. | dendritic cells |
| Most abundant lymphatic cells. | lymphocytes |
| Name the 3 types of lymphocytes | T-cells, B-cells, Natural killer |
| All lymphocytes migrate through the lymphatic system and search for the presence of ___. | antigens |
| T-Lymphocytes make up about ____ to ____ % of body lymphocytes | 70–85 |
| T-Lymphocytes express a ___ ___ ___ that can recognize a particular antigen | plasma membrane coreceptor |
| 2 types of T-lymphocytes | helper T-lymphocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes |
| Helper T-Lymphocytes primarily contain the ___ coreceptor | CD4 |
| ___ ___ are referred to as CD4+ cells or T4 cells | Helper T-Lymphocytes |
| There are many types of T4 cells, each one responds to a different ___. | antigen |
| Who presents antigens to other lymphocytes and secretes cytokines? | T4 cells |
| cytokines are ___ that activate other lymphatic cells | hormones |
| Also called CD8+ cells or T8 cells | Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes |
| Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes contain the CD___ coreceptor | 8 |
| ___ T-Lymphocytes come in direct contact with infected or foreign cells and kill them. | Cytotoxic |
| Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes act only after activated by a ___ ___ that presents an antigen to it | helper T-lymphocyte |
| B-Lymphocytes make up about ___% of body lymphocytes | 15–30 |
| B-Lymphocytes contain antigen receptors to only one type of antigen and produce ___ or ___ to that single antigen | immunoglobulins, antibodies |
| B-lymphocytes become activated when presented with an antigen from a ___ ___ | helper T-lymphocyte |
| Most of the activated B-lymphocytes become ___ ___ that produce and secrete large amounts of ___ | plasma cells, antibodies |
| The long-lived B-lymphocytes are called ___ ___ and confer years or lifetime immunity to certain antigens. | memory B-lymphocytes |
| AIDS is a life-threatening disease that results from infection by the ___ ___ virus. | human immunodeficiency |
| HIV targets ___ ___ the loss of these cells gives rises to AIDS. | helper T-lymphocytes |
| Tetanus is a severe illness that causes painful ___ ___ and convulsions and can lead to death. | muscle spasms |
| NK (Natural Killer) cells are also called ___ ___ lymphocytes | large granular |
| NK cells are a relatively ___ percentage of all lymphocytes | small |
| NK cells tend to express the ___ receptors | CD16 |
| ___ cells can kill a wide variety of infected cells and some cancerous cells | NK |
| Lymphopoiesis is the process of ___ development. | lymphocyte |
| The final result of lymphopoiesis is that the lymphocyte becomes ___, meaning the cell can participate in the immune response. | immunocompetent |
| All lymphocytes originate in the ___ ___ ___ but their maturation sites differ. | red bone marrow |
| ___ ___ are oval clusters of lymphatic cells with some extracellular matrix but not surrounded by a connective tissue capsule | Lymphatic nodules |
| Center of the lymphatic nodule is called the ___ ___ that contains proliferating B-lymphocytes and macrophages | germinal center |
| Lymphatic nodules ___ and ___ antigens | filter, attack |
| MALT stands for.... | Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue |
| Lymphatic nodules are located in the mucosa of the ___, ___, ___, ___ tracts. Lymphatic nodules ___ and ___ to antigens that may enter these tracts | GI, respiratory, genital, urinary, monitor, respond |
| MALT is very prominent in the ileum; these nodules are called ____ ____ | Peyer patches |
| Name the 3 types of tonsils | pharyngeal, palatine, lingual |
| Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) located in the posterosuperior wall of the ___. | nasopharynx |
| Palatine tonsils—located in the posterolateral wall of the ___ cavity. | oral |
| Lingual tonsils—located along the posterior one-third of the ___ | tongue |
| ___ ___ consists of lymphatic cells and extracellular matrix and is completely surrounded by a connective tissue capsule | lymphatic organs |
| 4 main lymphatic organs are the ___, ___ ___, ___ and ___. | thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, thyroid |
| Bilobed organ located superficial to the heart. ___ | thymus |
| Thymus consists of ___ fused thymic lobes, which are divided into lobules | two |
| Each lobule of the thymus has an outer ___ and an inner ___ | cortex, medulla |
| Thymus continues to grow until _____ and then begins to regress in size and function and, in adults, it becomes replaced mostly by ____ _____ tissue. | puberty, adipose connective |
| The function of the thymus is the site of ___ and ___ of T-lymphocytes. | differentiation, maturation |
| The thymus outer cortex contains immature ___ | T-lymphocytes |
| Thymus inner medulla contains mature ___ | T-lymphocytes |
| In adulthood, T-lymphocytes can only be produced by ___ ___ and not by the maturation of new cells in the thymus | cell division |
| Nurse cells in thymus secrete ___ ___ that helps maturation of lymphocytes. | thymic hormone |
| Lymphocytes inside thymus are protected from antigens by the ___ -___ ___. | blood-thymus barrier |
| Small, round or oval structures located along the pathway of lymph vessels are: ___ ___ | lymph nodes |
| Lymph nodes are typically found in clusters ranging from ___ - ___ mm in diameter | 1-25 |
| The primary function of a lymph node is to filter ___ from the lymph and initiate an ___ ___ | antigens, immune response |
| 3 Most apparent lymph node clusters occur as ___, ___ and ___ nodes. | axillary, inguinal, cervical |
| Lymph Nodes are surrounded by a tough ___ ___ capsule | connective tissue |
| Internal extensions of the lymph node capsule, ___, project into the node, dividing it into compartments. | trabeculae |
| Lymphatic cells surround the trabeculae and lymphatic sinuses provide a pathway for ___ flow. | lymph |
| Lymph node is divided into outer ___ and inner ___ | cortex, medulla |
| The lymph node cortex consists of nodules and sinuses called ___ sinuses. | cortical |
| The lymph node medulla contains medullary ___ and medullary ___ | cords, sinuses |
| Afferent vessels deliver ___ to the node. | lymph |
| Lymph exits nodes via ___ vessels at an indentation of the node called the ___. | efferent, hilum |
| Cancer cells travel easily through the lymph system, called ___ | metastasis |
| Lymph node enlarged by cancer cells is going to be ___ and ___ | firm, nontender |
| Largest lymphatic organ in body just lateral to left kidney | spleen |
| A splenic artery/vein enter/leave the spleen via a ___ or indentation on its medial surface | hilum |
| The ____ is where all the vessels and nerves enter and leave the spleen. | hilum |
| Spleen surrounded by a ____ ____ ____ tissue capsule, which sends extensions called trabeculae into the organ | dense irregular connective |
| Splenic cells around the trabeculae are subdivided into ___ ___ and ____ ____ . | white pulp, red pulp |
| Red pulp surrounds each cluster of ___ ___. | white pulp |
| The white pulp is associated with the arterial supply and consists of ___, ___ and ___ | T-cells, B-cells, macrophages |
| In the center of each cluster of white pulp in the spleen is a ___ ___. | central artery |
| The red pulp in the spleen is associated with the ___ supply | venous |
| Red pulp consists of splenic cords and splenic sinusoids that contain ___, ___, ___ and some ___ cells | erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages, plasma |
| Blood cells can easily enter and leave the blood stream in the spleen because of the discontinuous ___ ___ of the capillaries in the splenic sinusoids. | basal lamina |
| Functions of the spleen, initiates ___ ___ when antigens are found, serves as a reservoir for___ and ___, ___old, defective erythrocytes and platelets | immune response, erythrocytes, platelets, phagocytizes |
Created by:
BrandiLynn
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