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CH25
Respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The conducting portion of the respiratory system consists of the nose, ____ ____, ____, ____, ____ and primary bronchi to terminal bronchioles. | nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea |
| The respiratory portion of the respiratory system consists of respiratory bronchioles, ____ ducts and ____. | alveolar, alveoli |
| The main function of the respiratory system is breathing. Some other functions are: gas ____, ____ production, ____, and defense. | conditioning, sound, olfaction |
| External respiration is the exchange of gases between ____ and ____. | atmosphere, blood |
| Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the ____ and ____ in the ____. | blood, cells, body |
| Before getting to gas exchange surfaces, gas is warmed to body temperature, ____, and ____. | humidified, cleansed |
| Gas conditioning is facilitated by twisted pathways of nose and ____ ____, to keep air there longer for conditioning. | paranasal sinuses |
| Air forced out from the lungs, moves through ____ then sound is produced like speech and singing. | larynx |
| Structures that aid in sound production are the nasal cavity, ____ ____, teeth, lips and ____. | paranasal sinuses, tongue |
| The nasal cavity is covered with ____ epithelium that contains receptors to sense smell. | olfactory |
| The nose is lined with coarse hairs, and twisted pathways to prevent large particles, microorganisms and insects from entering. Near the vestibule, these hairs are called ____. | vibrissae |
| ____ ____ produce mucous to keep humidity and secrete lysozyme to kill bacteria. | Goblet cells |
| Anatomically, the respiratory system can be divided into upper and lower respiratory ____. | tracts |
| Functionally, the respiratory system can be divided into ____ and ____ portions. | conducting, respiratory |
| The upper respiratory tract is comprised of: nose and nasal cavities, ____ ____ and ____. These are all part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system. | paranasal sinuses, pharynx |
| The ____ is the main conducting airway for inhaled air. | nose |
| The nose is supported anteroinferiorly from the bridge (nasal bones) by the fleshy, cartilaginous ____ ____. This is supported by a pair of lateral cartilages and 2 pairs of ____ ____. | dorsum nasi, alar cartilages |
| The anterior region of the nose, near the nostrils, is called the ____. | vestibule |
| The nasal cavity begins as the internal component of the nose and ends as openings to the nasopharynx known as ____. | choanae |
| In the nasal cavity, the roof consists of: the frontal bone, nasal bones, cribiform plate of ____ bone and ____ bone and olfactory epithelium. | ethmoid, sphenoid |
| In the nasal cavity, the floor consists of: ____ and ____ bones. | maxillae, palatine |
| The nasal cavity is lined with ____ ____ ____ epithelium, many goblet cells producing mucin, and coarse hairs (also known as____). | pseudostratified ciliated columnar, vibrissae |
| The ____ ____ divides the nasal cavity into right and left portions and forms the medial wall of each cavity. | nasal septum |
| The superior, middle and inferior ____ ____ form the lateral wall for each cavity, dividing the nose into air passages called ____ ____. | nasal conchae, nasal meatus |
| The nasal conchae condition the air within the nasal cavity, having the “____ ____”. | turbinate bones |
| Four bones of the skull contain paired air spaces called paranasal sinuses. These spaces make the bones lighter in weight and are named after the bones in which they reside, which are: ____, ____, ____ and ____ | frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary |
| All paranasal sinuses are lined with the same epithelium and are connected to the nasal cavity by ____. | ducts |
| One of the few areas of the body that is shared by two organ systems (digestive and respiratory) is the ____. | pharynx |
| The pharynx is divided into three regions: ____, ____, and ____ | nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| The pharynx starts behind the nasal and oral cavities, and ends at the bifurcation of the ____ and the ____. | larynx, esophagus |
| The ____ is lined with muscle and is primarily used for swallowing. | pharynx |
| The ____ is continuous with the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate. | nasopharynx |
| In the ____, only air passes through. This can change in special cases like vomiting or eating while laughing. | nasopharynx |
| The opening of the auditory tubes (eustachian tubes) are found in the lateral walls of the ____. They equalize the pressure. | nasopharynx |
| The posterior nasopharynx wall houses a single ____ ____, also known as a/an ____. | pharyngeal tonsil, adenoid |
| The oropharynx begins at the end of the soft palate and ends at the level of the ____ bone. | hyoid |
| The oropharynx is lined with ____ ____ ____ epithelium to withstand abrasion. | nonkeratinized stratified squamous |
| The opening of the oral cavity into the oropharynx is the ____, defined by two pair of muscular arches on their lateral walls. | fauces |
| The palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the ____, between the arches. | fauces |
| The ____ tonsils are at the base of the tongue. | lingual |
| The laryngopharynx starts inferior to hyoid bone and is continuous with the ____ and ____. | larynx, esophagus |
| The lower respiratory tract is comprised of the following conducting airways: ____, ____, ____ and ____. It also includes the respiratory portion components: ____ ____, ____ ____ and ____ | larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli |
| The ____ connects pharynx to trachea. It is also called the voice box. | larynx |
| The larynx has nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Inferior to the vocal cords, it changes to ____ ____ ____ epithelium. | pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
| The three major cartilages of the larynx are: ____ cartilage, ____ cartilage and ____ | thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis |
| Thyroid cartilage is the ____ cartilage. It has an anterior and ____ wall. | largest, lateral |
| Thyroid cartilage is made of ____ cartilage. | hyaline |
| The thyrohyoid membrane is between the superior portion of ____ cartilage and ____ bone. | thyroid, hyoid |
| The v-shaped anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage is called the ____ ___ (Adam’s apple). | laryngeal prominence |
| The laryngeal prominence is usually larger in males than in females because of ____ influence on growth of cartilage. | testosterone |
| Cricoid cartilage is just inferior to the thyroid cartilage, is ____-shaped and composed of ____ cartilage. | ring, hyaline |
| The ____ ligment connects the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage. | cricothyroid |
| The epiglottis is spoon-shaped and projects superiorly into the pharynx. It is formed of ____ ____. | elastic cartilage |
| Swallowing causes the epiglottis to close the opening to the ____, thus preventing materials from entering the lower respiratory tract. | larynx |
| Although smaller than the three major cartilages, the paired minor cartilages of the larynx play an important role in sound production. They are: ____ cartilages, ____ cartilages and ____ cartilages. | arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform |
| Vocal folds are found in the larynx and are comprised of ____ ____ covered by a mucous membrane. (True vocal cords). | vocal ligaments |
| Vestibular folds are the vestibular ligaments covered with ____. (False vocal cords) | mucosa |
| The opening between the vocal folds is the ____ ____. | rima glottidis |
| The vocal folds plus the rima glottidis are collectively known as the ____. | glottis |
| When air is forced through the ____ ____, it causes vibration of the vocal folds, which results in the production of sound. | rima glottidis |
| The range of voice is determined by the ____ of vocal cords. | length |
| Pitch is frequency of sound waves, and a result of the amount of tension and tautness on the ____ ____. | vocal folds |
| The trachea is inferior to the larynx, superior to the primary bronchi, and anterior to the ____. | esophagus |
| The trachea is 2.5 cm in diameter and 12–14 cm in length. It is supported by 15-20 C-shaped ____ ____, that provide support to ensure it is always open. | tracheal cartilages |
| The trachea has anular ligaments which are ____ ____ tissue sheets connecting cartilage rings. | elastic connective |
| Posteriorly, the ends of the tracheal cartilages are connected by the ____ muscle. | trachealis |
| The trachealis distends during swallowing and bulges into the lumen to allow the ____ to expand. | esophagus |
| The trachealis contracts during ____ to help loosen material. | coughing |
| The mucosa lining the trachea is lined with ____ ____ epithelium and mucin-secreting goblet cells. | pseudostratified columnar |
| The trachea bifurcates into 2 smaller tubes forming the right and left ____ ____. The most inferior tracheal cartilage separates them at their origin and forms an internal ridge called the ____. | primary bronchi, carina |
| Which primary bronchus enters more vertically? Right or left? | right |
| The bronchial tree is a highly branched system of air-conducting passages that begin with the primary bronchi and end with the terminal bronchi. These passages belong to the ____ portion of the respiratory system. | conducting |
| The bronchial tree passages reside within the substance of the ____. | lungs |
| The trachea branches into left and right ____ ____. | primary bronchi |
| The ____ primary bronchus is wider and more vertical and foreign particles are more likely to get lodged in this bronchus. | right |
| The right primary bronchus divides into three ____ ____. | secondary bronchi |
| The left primary bronchus divides into how many secondary bronchi? | two |
| The secondary bronchi divide into 8–10 ____ ____ or segmental bronchi. | tertiary bronchi |
| As branching continues and the bronchioles become smaller, incomplete rings of cartilage become ____ and less numerous. | smaller |
| All bronchi are lined with ____ ____ epithelium. | pseudostratified columnar |
| Bronchi branch into ____, which lack rings of cartilage and are lined not with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, but with ____ ____ or simple squamous epithelium. | bronchioles, simple columnar |
| Bronchioles are less than 1 mm in diameter and their walls are composed of a relatively thick layer of ____ ____. | smooth muscle |
| Contraction of the smooth muscle in bronchioles result in a narrowing of the bronchioles called ____. | bronchoconstriction |
| Relaxation of the smooth muscle in the bronchioles results in a widening of the bronchioles called ____. | bronchodilation |
| Bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles, which are the last portions of the ____ portion of the respiratory system. | conduction |
| The respiratory portion of the lower respiratory system consists of: ____ ____, ____ ducts and alveoli. | respiratory bronchioles, alveolar |
| Terminal bronchioles branch into ____ ____. | respiratory bronchioles |
| Respiratory bronchioles branch into ____ ducts. | alveolar |
| Alveolar ducts end with small saccular outpocketings called ____. | alveoli |
| The thin wall of the ____ is the structure where respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) diffuse between the blood and the air in the lungs. | alveolus |
| The diameter of the ____ is 0.25 to 0.5mm. | alveolus |
| The thin wall of the alveolus specializes in diffusion of ____. | gases |
| Alveolar pores provide ____ ventilation, and let the alveoli pack together. (spongy look) | collateral |
| Alveolar type I cells are ____ ____ epithelial cells that promote rapid diffusion of gases. | simple squamous |
| Alveolar type II cells are almost cuboidal in shape and produce ____ ____, which decreases surface tension within the alveolus and prevents the collapse of alveoli. | pulmonary surfactant |
| Alveolar macrophages: Fixed or free. They leave the lung either by the ____ system or by coughing of ____. | lymphatic, sputum |
| The ____ ____ is the diffusion barrier across which respiratory gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in the alveoli. | respiratory membrane |
| The respiratory membrane consists of the following: plasma membrane of the type I alveolar cell, plasma membrane of the ____ ____ and fused ____ ____ of both cells. | capillary cell, basement membrane |
| The ____ ____ (dust cell), engulfs any microorganism or particulate matter that makes its way into the alveolus. | alveolar macrophage |
| The lungs are located in pleural cavities on the lateral sides of the thorax and separated by the ____. | mediastinum |
| The pleural cavities and the outer surface of the lung are lined with a serous membrane called ____. | pleura |
| ____ pleura tightly adheres to the outside of the lung. | Visceral |
| ____ pleura lines the pleural cavity itself. | Parietal |
| The two pleuras are continuous with each other and the space between them is called the ____ ____. They produce ____ fluid to act as lubricant. | pleural cavity, serous |
| The apex of the lung projects just slightly superior and posterior to the ____. | clavicle |
| The costal surface of the lung comes in contact with the ribs and the slightly concave mediastinal surface faces medially toward the ____. The mediastinal surface houses a concave region called the ____. | mediastinum, hilum |
| Bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass into and out of the lungs in the region known as the ____. | hilum |
| Collectively, all structures within the hilum are termed the ____ of the lung. | root |
| The ____ lung is slightly smaller than ____ lung because the heart projects slightly to the left of midline. | left, right |
| The heart makes a medial surface indentation called the ____ ____. | cardiac impression |
| The left lung has an anterior indented region called the ____ ____. | cardiac notch |
| The left lung has an ____ ____ that divides the lung into two lobes (superior and inferior lobes). | oblique fissure |
| The ____ is homologous to the middle lobe of the right lung. | lingula |
| The right lung has two fissures, oblique and horizontal, that divide the lung into ___ lobes: ___, ___ and ___ lobes | three, superior, middle, inferior |
| There are 10 ____ segments in the right lung and 8–10 in the left lung. | bronchopulmonary |
| Each bronchopulmonary segment is supplied by its own ____ bronchus and a branch of a pulmonary artery and vein. | tertiary |
| Each bronchopulmonary segment is surrounded by and isolated from other segments by connective tissue to ensure that they are ____. | autonomous |
| The ____ circulation conducts blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs. | pulmonary |
| The bronchial circulation is a component of the ____ circulation that delivers blood directly to and from the bronchi and bronchioles. | systemic |
| Lymph nodes and vessels are located within the lungs and around the ____ and ____. | bronchi, pleura |
| Lymph nodes collect ____ matter. | particulate |
| Lymph first goes to the ____ lymph nodes within the lungs. Lymph then goes to the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes at the ____ of the lung. Lymph then goes to the tracheobronchial lymph nodes and then into the left and right ____ trunks. | pulmonary, hilum, bronchomediastinal |
| Breathing, also known as ____ ventilation, is the movement of air into and out of the respiratory system. | pulmonary |
| An adult at rest has about 16 breaths per min and ____ml of air exchanged per breath. | 500 |
| The movement of gases follows ____ law. | Boyle’s |
| During inhalation, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, ____ pressure decreases, and air flows into the lungs. During exhalation, the opposite is true. | intrapulmonary |
| During inhalation and exhalation, the thoracic cavity changes in all three dimensions: vertical—movement of the ____, lateral—muscles attached to ribs and anterior/posterior—muscles attached to ____. | diaphragm, ribs |
| Muscles attached to ribs that aid in lateral and anterior/posterior changes of the ribs are as follows: scalene, ____ and ____ intercostal, transverse _____, ____ ____ superior, and serratus posterior inferior. | external, internal, thoracis, serratus posterior |
| With regards to innervation, the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs are under ____ control. | autonomic |
| Sympathetic (T1-T5) stimulation results in ____. | bronchodilation |
| Parasympathetic (CN X) stimulation results in ____. | bronchoconstriction |
| The respiratory rhythmicity center in the ____ ____ controls the rate and depth of breathing. | medulla oblongata |
| The ____ ____ ____ controls inhalation by stimulating muscles of inspiration. | dorsal respiratory group (DRG) |
| The ventral respiratory group (VRG) controls forced ____. | exhalation |
| The pons houses the ____ center and the pneumotaxic center. | apneustic |
| The apneustic and the pneumotaxic centers influence the breathing rate by modifying the activity of the ____ ____ center. | respiratory rhythmicity |
| The pneumotaxic center is inhibitory to both respiration and the ____ center. | apneustic |
| The apneustic center stimulates the inspiratory center in the ____. | medulla |
| ____ may cause loss of alveoli or decrease in size. | Emphysema |
| Carbon, dust and pollution gradually accumulate in the ____ ____ and lungs. | lymph nodes |
| The bronchial circulation is a component of the ____ circulation that delivers blood directly to and from the bronchi and bronchioles. | systemic |
| Lymph nodes and vessels are located within the lungs and around the ____ and ____. | bronchi, pleura |
| Lymph nodes collect ____ matter. | particulate |
| Breathing, also known as ____ ventilation, is the movement of air into and out of the respiratory system. | pulmonary |
| An adult at rest has about 16 breaths per min and ____ml of air exchanged per breath. | 500 |
| The movement of gases follows ____ law. | Boyle’s |
| During inhalation, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, ____ pressure decreases, and air flows into the lungs. During exhalation, the opposite is true. | intrapulmonary |
| During inhalation and exhalation, the thoracic cavity changes in all three dimensions: vertical—movement of the ____, lateral—muscles attached to ribs and anterior/posterior—muscles attached to ____. | diaphragm, ribs |
| Muscles attached to ribs that aid in lateral and anterior/posterior changes of the ribs are as follows: scalene, ____ and ____ intercostal, transverse _____, ____ ____ superior, and serratus posterior inferior. | external, internal, thoracis, serratus posterior |
| With regards to innervation, the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs are under ____ control. | autonomic |
| ____ and ____ fibers form the pulmonary plexus, which is a weblike network of nerve fibers that surrounds the primary bronchi and enter the lungs at the hilum. | Sympathetic, parasympathetic |
| The respiratory rhythmicity center in the ____ ____ controls the rate and depth of breathing. | medulla oblongata |
| The ____ ____ ____ controls inhalation by stimulating muscles of inspiration. | dorsal respiratory group (DRG) |
| The ventral respiratory group (VRG) controls forced ____. | exhalation |
| The pons houses the ____ center and the pneumotaxic center. | apneustic |
| The apneustic and the pneumotaxic centers influence the breathing rate by modifying the activity of the ____ ____ center. | respiratory rhythmicity |
| The pneumotaxic center is inhibitory to both respiration and the ____ center. | apneustic |
| The apneustic center stimulates the inspiratory center in the ____. | medulla |
| ____ may cause loss of alveoli or decrease in size. | Emphysema |
| Carbon, dust and pollution gradually accumulate in the ____ ____ and lungs. | lymph nodes |
| The lungs are conical in shape, have a base inferiorly that rests on the ____ and a/an ____ that is the superior most portion of the lung. | diaphragm, apex |
| The lung apex projects just slightly superior and posterior to which bone? | clavicle |
| The lungs’ costal surface comes in contact with the ribs and the slightly concave mediastinal surface faces medially toward the ____. | mediastinum |
| The lungs’ mediastinal surface houses a concave region called the ____. | hilum |
| ____, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and ____ pass into and out of the lungs in the hilum. | Bronchi, nerves |
| Collectively, all structures within the hilum are termed the ____ of the lung. | root |
| The ____ lung is slightly smaller than the ____ lung because the heart projects slightly to the left of the midline. | left, right |
| The heart makes a medial surface indentation on the left lung called the ____ ____ that has an anterior indented region called the ____ ____. | cardiac impression, cardiac notch |
| The ____ lung has an oblique fissure that divides the lung into two lobes (superior and inferior lobes). | left |
| Which lung has two fissures, oblique and horizontal fissures that divide the lung into three lobes (superior, middle and inferior lobes)? | right lung |
| There are 10 bronchopulmonary segments in the right lung and how many in the left lung? | 8–10 |
| Each bronchopulmonary segment is supplied by its own ____ bronchus and a branch of a pulmonary artery and vein. | tertiary |
| Each bronchopulmonary segment is surrounded by and isolated from other segments by connective tissue to ensure that they are ____. | autonomous |
| Pulmonary circulation conducts blood to and from the ____ ____ surfaces of the lungs. | gas exchange |
| The bronchial circulation is a component of the systemic circulation that delivers blood directly to and from the ____ and ____. | bronchi, bronchioles |
| Lymph nodes and vessels are located within the lungs and around the ____ and ____. | bronchi, pleura |
| Lymph nodes collect ____ matter. | particulate |
| Lymph first goes to the ____ lymph nodes within the lungs, then to the ____ lymph nodes at the hilum, then the tracheobronchial lymph nodes and then into the left and right ____ trunks. | pulmonary, bronchopulmonary, bronchomediastinal |
| Breathing, also known as ____ ventilation, is the movement of air into and out of the respiratory system. | pulmonary |
| Adult at rest: ____ breaths per min and ____ml of air exchanged per breath. The movement of gases follows ____ law. | 16, 500, Boyle’s |
| During ____, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, and air flows into the lungs. During ____, the opposite is true. | inhalation, exhalation |
| During inhalation and exhalation, the thoracic cavity changes in 3 dimensions: vertical—movement of the ____, lateral, ____ and ____—muscles attached to ____. | diaphragm, anterior, posterior, ribs |
| The muscles attached to ribs that aid in lateral and anterior/posterior changes of the ribs are: scalene, ____ & ____ intercostal, transverse thoracis and the serratus ____ & ____. | external, internal, posterior, inferior |
| The larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs are under ____ control. | autonomic |
| Sympathetic (T1-T5) stimulation results in ___. | bronchodilation |
| Parasympathetic (CN X) stimulation results in ____. | bronchoconstriction |
| The respiratory rhythmicity center in the ____ ____ controls the rate and depth of breathing. | medulla oblongata |
| The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) controls inhalation by stimulating ____ of ____. | muscles, inspiration |
| The ventral respiratory group (VRG) controls ____ ____. | forced exhalation |
| The pons houses the ____ center and the ____ center. | apneustic, pneumotaxic |
| Both the apneustic and the pneumotaxic centers influence the breathing rate by modifying the activity of the ____ ____ center. | respiratory rhythmicity |
| The pneumotaxic center is inhibitory to both respiration and the ____ center. | apneustic |
| The apneustic center stimulates the ____ center in the medulla. | inspiratory |
| With age, there is a decrease in ____ ____tissue in the lungs and the thoracic cavity wall. This reduces the amount of gas to be exchanged and decreases ventilation rate. | elastic connective |
| Emphysema may cause loss of ____ or decrease in size. | alveoli |
| The alveolar wall is formed from how many types of cells? | 2 |
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