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206 Bones
bones and ossicification
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bone Functions (6) | Support; protection; Levers; movements; mineral storage; hemopoiesis |
| Hydroxyapatite | calcium phosphate + calcium hydroxide; crystal; ability to incorporate other minerals (CaCO3, ion K+, Mg+, F+) |
| Calcium phosphate | 2/3 weight of bone; crystals are strong and can be compressed but not twisted or bent or they will break; use for bones, blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve impulses |
| Collagen fibers | tough & flexible; can twist/bend and they wont break but cant compress them or they will bend out of the way |
| Osteoprogentor cells | undifferentiated cells that become osteoblasts; ONLY mitotic bone cells; found in periosteum & endosteum |
| Periosteum | lines other surface of all bones; nutrition, protection, growth, repair, attachment to muscle; dense irregular CT |
| Endosteum | lines the marrow cavity, Havarian & Volkman's canals |
| Osteoblast cells | form true bone cells & bone matrix (hydroxyapatite & collagen fibers) |
| Osteocytes | true bone cells; make up 2% of bone |
| osteoclast cells | tear down bone; develop from circulating monocytes (WBCS) |
| Giant Cells | secrete lactic acid which leaches minerals from bones and destroys them |
| Osteoprosis | osteoclast activity predominates; osteoblast activity is not enough; females over 50 |
| osteogensis | production of new bone |
| osteolysis | tearing down of bone |
| Outer layer peuriosteum | fibrous, tough, protective; CT, BVs, nerves, lymphatic vessels |
| Inner layer peuriosteum | osteogenic layer; bone cells are made; elastic fibers; BVs, food & O2 & CO2 |
| Nutritive foramen | BVs pass through; 10% of cardiac output at anytime |
| Compact Bone | microstructure; dense/heavy, few spaces, thicker in diaphysis than epiphysis; stress resistant; support, protection; many osteon close together |
| Canaliculi | tiny canals filled with cytoplasmic extensions; osteocytes link BV in the Havarian canal with individual bone cells |
| concentric circles | each circle is called osteon |
| Spongy Bone | "Cancellus Bone"; lighter; lots of spaces; found under a layer of compact bone in epipysis; lines Medullary cavity, Haverian and volkmans canal |
| lacuna | "pool" around osteocyte; contains fluid (derived from blood-like plasma) that keeps the cell alive |
| Traleulae | struts of bone that form according to stress placed on bone; mesh work; contains non-circular lamella |
| Red marrow | in epiphysis & flat bones; blood forming tissues (RBCs) |
| Yellow marrow | in diaphysis; fatty NOT blood forming; adipose tissue; store minerals |
| epiphysial plate | region of the metaphysis; after growth stops it forms into the epiphysial line that gets lighter when older; cartilage cells are laid down on epiphysical side and changes to bone on diaphysis side |
| zone of reserve cartilage | attaches epiphysical to epiphysis; reacting cells |
| zone of proliferating cartilage | "stacks of coins"; new chondrocytes |
| zone of hypertrophic cartilage | cartilage cells are native large |
| zone of calcified matrix | dead cells forming new matrix; some cells become osteocytes from osteoblast |
| Intermembraneous ossification | dermal ossification; starts w/ fibrous membrane to spongy/compact bone; deepest layer of dermis; hypertopic bone formation-frontal/pareital bones, mandible, clavical, patella; mesenchyme-osteoblasts-collagen matrix-mineralization-mult ossificiations sites |
| endochondial ossification | starts w/ hyaline cartilage model; longer process; appositional (new cartilage outside) & interstial (cartilage increases from inside) growth; forms bone collar; primary & secondary sites of ossifications |
| bone fracture healing | internal callus(stitches & reabsorbs bones)-external callus(makes area bigger/true bone-cartilage to bone- linked by trabeculeum-gradually remolded to orignal |
| long bones | any bone with L>W; slightly curved ant to post; spongy/compact bone in epiphysis/diaphysis |
| short bones | roughly cubed shaped L=W; spongy inside/compact outside; wrist/ankle |
| flat bones | long, narrow; ribs, cranial bones (parietal, frontal, temporal), sternum, scapula; parallel areas of compact with spongy in between |
| irregular | bones that dont fit anywhere else; face bones, vertebrae; vary in amounts of spongy/compact bone |
| wormian bone | sutural bones; place where cranial bones articulate (touch) |
| sesamoid bones | bones form in tendons under stress; patella, wrist? |
| axial skeleton | 80 bones; ribs, sternum, skull, vertebrae |
| appendicular skeleton | 126 bones; arms & legs |
| cranial bones (8) | frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital |
| facial bones (14) | 2 nasal bones, 2 maxilla, 2 zygotmatic, mandible, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchea, vomer |
| fontenals | "little fountain" "soft spots"; incomplete ossification of birth; anterior-between frontal & parietal closes 18-24 months; posterior-between parietal & occipital closes 2 months |
| Frontal Bone | supercilary arches; supra orbital ridge (margin); glabella; frontal sinuses |
| Parietal Bone | inside (ridge & valley hold nerves & BVs in position) |
| Temporal Bone | zygomatic process of temporal bone arts. w/ temporal process of zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch; external auditory meatus; mandibular fossa articulates w/ condylar process of mandible form TMJ; mastoid process-sinsuses; styloid process-tongue |
| Petrous Portion of Temporal Bone | houses middle&inner ear; carotid foramen (taking blood to brain); juglar foramen |
| Sphenoid Bone | arts. w/ all cranial bones; greater wings; optic foramen-2nd cranial nerve; sella turcica-pituitary gland; body-sphenoid sinus; foramen ovale-5th cranial nerve; pterygoid process-attachment for mandible&soft plate |
| ethmoid bone | principle supporting structure of nasal cavity; crista galli(cocks limb) attach meninges(brain covering); cribiform plate-passage 1st cranial nerve; lateral mass-houses superior nasal conchae; perpendicular plate; middle nasal conchae-filter air |
| occipital bone | foramen magnum; occipital condyle- arts w/ sup art process of atlas; occipital crest-stabilize node of vertebrae; sup & inf nuchal lines- arts w/ atlas & balances head; occipital protuberrence |
| Skull Sutures | coronal-frontal & parietal; sagittal- parietial (top of head); lamboidal- occipital & parietal; squamoid-temporal & parietal |
| nasal bone | bridge of nose; sup part of nasal structure |
| maxillae | art. w/ all cranial bones except mandible; alveolar processes anchor teeth; L&R fuse early considered one bone; forms part of lateral wall of nasal cavity |
| palatine process | form hard plate (roof of mouth) & part of lateral walls of nasal cavity & part of floor; "L" shaped bone forms part of hard palate |
| cleft palate | failure of palatine process |
| paranasal cavity | drain into nasal cavity; lined w/ mucous membrane; frontal (morning headaches); sphenoid (in body-pressure headache); ethmoid (in lateral masses-pain behind eyes); maxillary (upper teeth) |
| mastoid sinus | do not open into nasal cavity |
| Eye Orbit | Super Orbital Fissure; ethmoid; Greater & Lesser wings of sphenoid; lacrimal; zygomatic bone; frontal; maxillary |
| Mandible | largest & strongest bone; only moveable bone in face; mandibular condyle articulates w. mandibular fossa of temporal bone; coronoid process-muscle attachment; angle; ramus; manibular foramen (dentists branches of 5th cranial nerve) |
| nasal septum | perpindicular plate of ethmoid; vomar; septal cartilage; deviated septum (where bone & cartilage meet-causes post nasal drip infections) |
| Vertebral column | approx 28 inches long; strong, flexible, movement ant, post, laterally; 7 cervical, 12 thoraic, 5 lumbar; 5 sacral (fused into 1 bone); 3-5 coccycal fused(male)/unfused (female); encloses & protects cord; supports head; attaches ribs & back muscles |
| vertebral foramen | spinal cord |
| intervertebral foramen | for exit of spinal nerves (inbetween vertebrae-laterally; posterior to disc& body, anterior to spinous process) |
| intervertebral discs | fibrocartilage pads |
| spinal curves | dissapate stress; maintain balance; absorb shock, protects from fracture; primary & secondary |
| primary curve | mimic fetal curve; anteriorly concave (thoraic & sacral) |
| secondary curve | opposite fetal curve; anteriorly convex; cervical (3-4 months holding head up) & lumbar (by 2 years for walking) |
Created by:
ham007
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