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HA Ch. 24 (26)
The Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the kidneys are the | major excretory organs of the urinary system |
| the kindeys..of...by forming... | cleanse the blood...nitrogenous wastes, toxins, excess ions and water, and other unnecessary or undesirable substances...urine |
| the kindeys also maintain | proper chemical composition of the blood and other body fluids |
| the main waste products excreted in urine are | nitrogenous compounts |
| the nitrogenous compounds include | urea, uric acid and creatinine |
| urea is derived from | breakdown of amino acids during normal recycling of body's proteins |
| uric acid is from | turnover of nucleic acids |
| creatinine is formed by the...which is a molecule in | breakdown of creatine phosphate...muscle that stores energy for the manufacture of ATP |
| organs for transporting and storing urine include | ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra |
| ureteres are tubes that carry urine from the | kidneys to the bladder |
| the urinary bladder is a | temporary storage tank for urine |
| the urethra is a tube that carries urine to the | body exterior |
| the kidneys are...that lie in the | red-brown, bean shaped kidneys...superior lumbar region of the posterior abdominal wall |
| the right kidney is crowded by the | liver and lies slightly inferior to the left kidney |
| the kidney has a...lateral surface | convex |
| the medial surface of the kidneys are | concave |
| the vertical cleft of the kidneys contain the | renal hilus where vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney |
| layers of the supportive tissue surround each kidney from deep to superficial | renal capsule, adipose capsule, renal fascia, and pararenal fat |
| the renal capsule is also called the...which is made of a...layer of... | fibrous capsule...dense CT...collagen fibers |
| the renal capsule adheres directly to the | kidney's surface |
| the renal capsule maintains the | shape of the kidney |
| the renal capsule forms a | barrier to inhibit the spread of infection |
| the renal capsule provides | mechanical protection |
| the adipose capsule is also called the...and is a layer of...around the kidney which provides | perinephric fat or perirenal fat...fat...cushioning |
| the renal fascia is the...layer formed by the...that extend...through the... | dense outer layer...collagen fibers...outward from inner renal capsule...adipose capsule or perinepheric fat |
| the renal fascia anchors the kidney to | surrounding structures |
| the renal fascia is bound posteriorly to... | deep facia surrounding the muscles of the body wall |
| the renal fascia is anteriorly attached to the | peritoneum and to the anterior renal fascia of the opposite side |
| the pararenal fat separates the | posterior and renal fascia from the body wall |
| 2 distinct regions of the kidney tissue include the | renal cortex and the renal medulla |
| the renal cortex is the...layer of the kidney which is in contact with the.. | granular and reddish brown outer...renal or fibrous capsule |
| the renal cortex has...that are... | renal columns...inward extensions of the cortex which seperate the adjacent pyramids |
| the renal medulla is the...region of the kidney located internal to the | darker...renal cortex |
| the renal medulla consists of | medullary pyramids |
| the medullary pyramids are distinctly...shaped masses containing | cone or triangular...striations |
| the base of each pyramid faces the | cortex and the tip projects into the renal sinus |
| the renal medulla contains...which are the pyramids'...or... | renal papillae...tips...apices |
| the renal lobe of the renal medulla is the area that contains a...,the overyling area of...and the | renal pyramid...renal cortex...adjacent tissues of the renal columns |
| the renal sinus is a....within the... | large space...medial part of the kidney opening to the exterior through the renal hilus |
| the renal pelvis is a flat...shaped tube that is the...part of the... | funnel...superior ureter |
| the renal pelvis has | branching extensions of two or three major calices |
| the major calices further | branch into minor calices |
| the minor calices are...tubes that enclose the... | smaller cup shaped...the papillae of the pyramids |
| the calices collect...and empty it into the... | urine draining from the papilae...renal pelvis, then into the urethers, and finally into the urinary bladder |
| under normal resting conditions...of the hearts systemic output reaches the kidneys via the | 25%...large renal arteries which branch out into the kidney |
| renal arteries in order | renal arteries, segmental arteries, lobar arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferrent arterioles |
| from the afferent arterioles, blood flows into the.... | glomerulus, then efferrent arterioles, then peritubular capillaries, interlobular veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal veins, inferior vena cava |
| the segmental arteries enter the | renal hilus |
| the interlobar arteries lie in | renal columns between medullary pyramids |
| the arcuate arteries arch over the | base of pyramids |
| the interlobular arteries radiate | outward from the arcuate arteries and supply the cortical tissue and divide the cortical tissue into lobules |
| the glomerulus is a | tuft of capillaries |
| peritubular capillaries contains the | vasa recta which is where blood leaves the renal cortex and drains into interlobular veins |
| what percent of blood entering the kidney perfuses the cortex | 90% |
| the veins of the kidneys essentially | trace the pathway of the arteries in reverse, but there are no lobar or segmental veins |
| the nerve supply to the kidneys is provided by the...which is a network of... | renal plexus...autonomic fibers and ganglia on the renal arteries |
| the renal plexus is supplied by...which control the...and influence.. | sympathetic fibers...diameters of kidney arteries...urine-forming functions of the urinerferous tubules |
| the uriniferous tubule is comprised of a | nephron and a collecting tubule and blood vessels |
| uriniferous tubule is the main | structural and functional unit of the kidney |
| the nephron is a..structure | urine forming |
| the nephron components include the | renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle and distal convoluted tubule |
| the collecting tubule or duct concentrates | urine by removing water form the urine formed in the nephron |
| the collecting tubule is lined by | simple epithelium throughout its length |
| mechanisms of urine production include | filtration, reabsorption and secretion |
| filtration: filtrate of...leaves the kidney...and enters the | blood...capillaries...nephron |
| reabsorption is a...where most of...are reclaimed form the filtrate and returned to the... | passive process..nutrients, water and essential ions...blood of capillaries |
| secretion is an...which moves additional...into the... | active process...undesirable molecules...collecting tubule from the blood of surrounding capillaries |
| the renal corpuscle of the nephron occurs in the...and consists of... | cortex only...glomerulus, flomerular capsule |
| the glomerulus is surrounded by | a glomerular capsule |
| the glomerular capsule of...capsule has a...interior called the... | bowman's...hollow...capsular space |
| the capsular space of the glomerular capsule separtes the | parietal and visceral epithelial layers |
| the vascular pole of the glomerular capsule is the connection between the | parietal and visceral epithelia |
| the glomerular capillaries are connected to the | bloodstream via the afferent and efferent arterioles |
| 2 layers of the glomerular capsule | parietal layer and visceral layer |
| the parietal layer is made of...epithelium and contribues to | simple squamous...structure only |
| visceral layer clings to the | glomerulus |
| the visceral layer has...epithelial cells called ...with..called...that surround the glomerular capillaries | unusual, branching...podocytes...interdigitating foot process...pedicels |
| filtrate passes into the..through... | capsular space..filtration slits |
| the glomerular capillaries produce the..that moves through the rest of the uriniferous tubules, forming... | filtrate..urine |
| the filtration membrane or...is the actual...that lies between the | apparatus...filter...blood in the glomerulus and the capsular space |
| the filtration membrane has 3 layers of physical barriers including | fenestrated endothelium, filtration slits, and intervening baement membrane |
| filtration slits of glomerular epithelia each are covered by a | thin slit of diaphragm |
| the intervening basement membrane consists of | fused basal laminae of the endothelium and the podocyte epithelium |
| if the dense layer of filtration membrane encircles two or more capillaries,...cells are situated betwee the | mesangial...endothelial cells of adjacent capillaries |
| the mesangial cells provide | physical support for capillaries |
| the mesangial cells engulf | organic materials that might othwerise clog the dense layer |
| the mesangial cells regulate the...hence they have a role in the regulation of... | diameters of the glomerular capillaries...glomerular blood flow and filtration |
| the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is the nephron component that is confined entirely to the | renal cortex |
| the proximal convoluted tubule is most active in | reabsorption and secretion |
| the PCT has...cells with... | cuboidal epithelial cells...luminal surface microvilli |
| the PCT contains increased | number of mitochondria to provide energy for reabsorption |
| the loop of henle has a...limb and a....limb | desencing...ascending |
| the descending limb has a first part that is similar in structure to and is continuous with the | proximal covoluted tubule |
| the 2nd part of the limb is considered the...and is... | thing segment...permeable simple squamous epithelium |
| each limb has a ...and... | thick segment and thin segment |
| the thick segment of the ascending limb begins...and contains...that pump... | deep in the medulla...active transport mechanisms...sodium and chloride ions out of the tubular fluid |
| the thin segment of the ascending is freely...to..but relatively...to.. | permeable...water...impermeable...ions and other solutes |
| the DCT is confined to the...and contains | renal cortex...simple cuboidal epithelium |
| the DCT is specialized for | selective secretion and reabsorption of ions |
| the DCT functions in | conserving body fluids |
| classes of nephrons are divided according to | location |
| cortical nephrons make up...of all nephrons and are located | 85%....almost entirely within the cortex |
| juxtamedullary nephrons make up...of all nephrons and their renal corpuscles lie | 15%...near the cotex-medulla junction |
| the collecting tubules receive | urine from several nephrons and run straight through the cortex into the deep medulla |
| the papillary ducts are made of...and empty into the | adjacent collecting tubules...minor calices through the renal papillae |
| the walls of the collecting tubules consist of...and thicken to become... | simple cuboidal epithelium...simple columnar in papillary ducts |
| the main function of collecting tubules is to | conserve body fluids |
| during water conservation in the collecting tubules | adh is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and increases permeability of the collecting tubules and DCT to water |
| the microscopic blood vessels are associated with the ufiniferious tubules include the | glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta |
| the glomerulus are | high resistance vessels |
| the peritubular capillaries arise from the | efferent arterioles, draining the cortical glomerulus |
| the peritubular capillaries surround the...in the... | uriniferous tubules...interstitial CT of the renal cortex |
| peritubular capillaries are...capillaries adapted for absorption | low-pressure, porous |
| vasa recta are...walled looping vessels that surround the | thin...juxtamedullary nephron |
| the vasa recta runs alongside the | loops of Henle in the deepest part of the renal cortex |
| the vasa recta plays a role in | the kidney's urine-concentrating mechanism |
| juxtaglomerular apparatus is a structure that functions in | regulation of blood pressure |
| the juxtaglomeruluar appartaus is the area of specialized contactbetween the | first part of the DCT and the juxtaglomerular cells |
| the first part of the DCT contains...which act as...to monitor... | macula densa cells...chemoreceptors...solute concentration in the filtrate |
| juxtaglomerular cells surround the | afferent and efferent arterioles and act as mechanoreceptors to monitor BP |
| the juxtaglomerular cells secret | renin which increases blood solute concentrate, blood volume and most importantly, increase BP |
| the ureters are...tubes that carry | slender...carry urine from kidneys to the bladder |
| the ureters are a continuation of the | renal pelvis |
| the ureters have 3 basic layers from deep to superficial | mucosa, muscularis, adventitia |
| the mucosa is made of...and... | transitional epithelia...lamina propria |
| muscularis has an inner...layer and an outer...of... | longitudinal...circular...smooth muscle |
| the muscularis has a third layer or...appears in the | external longitudinal...inferior third of the ureter |
| the adventitia is typical | CT |
| the urinary bladder is a...sac that temporarily | collapsible, muscular...stores and expels urine |
| the bladder lies | anterior to the rectum in males and anterior to the vagina and inferior to the urterus in females |
| the bladder has...dimensions depdning on the sate of | vary8ing...distension |
| maximum capacity is typically...of urin in the bladder | 1 liter |
| the bladder contains the | posterolateral angles or uretal openings, urachus, inferior angle, trigone |
| the posteroloateral angles or ureteral openings of the bladder are..openinings that receive the | slit-like...ureters |
| the superior surfaces of the urinary bladder are covered by | a layer of peritoneum |
| several peritoneal folds of the ureteral openings assist in | stabilizing the position of the urinary bladder |
| lateral umbilical ligaments pass along the | sides of the bladder and also assist in stabilizing bladder position |
| urachus or...is made of... | median umbilical ligament....fibrous band at the bladder's anterior angle |
| urachua extends from the | anterior and superior border toward the umbilicus |
| urachus contains the | closed remnant of an embryonic tube called allantois |
| the embryonic tube or allantois is a ... | vestige of the umbilical arteries that supply blood to the placenta during embryonic and fetal development |
| the inferior angle or neck of the bladder drains into the | urethra |
| in males, the prostate gland lies | directly inferior to the bladder surrounding the urethra |
| the trigone is a...region on the posterior wall of the.. | triangular...bladder interior defined by openings |
| trigone's mucosa lacks | rugae or folds |
| the trigone is..and very... | smooth...thick in apperance |
| the trigone acts as a | funnel that channels urine into the urethra when the bladder contracts |
| the trigone is of special clincal importance because | infections tend to persist in this region |
| there are three layers of the bladder wall incluidng the | mucosa, muscularis and fibrous adventitia |
| the mucosa of the bladder is made of... | transitional epithelium, lamina propria and submucosa |
| the mucosa of bladder lines the | bladder interior |
| the mucosa has...in the mucosal lining that disappear as the... | rugae...bladder stretches and fills with urine |
| the muscularis is...muscle consists of highly... | detrusor...intermingled smooth muscle fibers |
| the smooth muscle fibers of the muscularis of the bladder contains | inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle, middle circular layer, outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle |
| contraction of the detrusor... | compresses the urinary bladder and expels its contents into the urethra |
| fibrous adventitia is the | outer CT layer |
| the fibrous adventitia has a layer of | serosa that covers the superior surface of the urinary bladder |
| the urethra is a thin walled tube that | drains urine from the bladder to the body exterior |
| urethra is comprised of | smooth muscle and an inner mucosa |
| in males, the muscular layer of the urethra becomes | very thin toward the distal end of the urethra |
| the urethra extends from the...of the urinary bladder to the | neck or inferior angle...exterior |
| the male and female urethrae differ in | length and in function |
| the female urethra is...and goes from the | very short...bladder to the vestibule |
| the female urethra has an external | urethral orifice situated near the anterior wall of the vagina |
| the male urethra extends from the | neck of the bladder to the tip of the penis |
| the prostatic urethra passes through the | prostate gland |
| the membranous urethra includes a...that penetrates the | short segment...urogenital diaphragm which is the muscular flood of the pelvic cavity |
| spongy urethra or penile urethra extends from the | distal border of the urogenital diaphragm to the external urethral orifice at the tip of the penis |
| internal urethral sphincter is the... | thickening of the detrusor muscle at the bladder urethra junction |
| involuntary sphincter of smooth muscle that keeps the | urethra closed when urine is not being passed and prevents dribbling of urine between voidings |
| external urethral sphincter surrounds | urethra within the sheet of muscle called urogenital diaphragm and is made of skeletal muscle |
| micturition is the act of | emptying the bladder through the contraction of the detrusor muscle, and is assisted by muscles of the abdominal wall which contract to increase the intra-abdominal pressure |
| urine flows through the renal tubule of the kidney in the following order | glomerular capsule, PCT, loop of henle, DCT, collecting duct or tubule, papillary duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra |
Created by:
handrzej
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