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Central nervous system(CNS)
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CHAP 8-NervousSystem
UHS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 2 Main Systems | 1-Central nervous system 2-Peripheral Nervous system |
| Central nervous system(CNS) | consists of the brain and the spinal cord |
| Perpheral Nervous system(PNS) | all of the nerves |
| Autonomic Nervous system | third divison of nervous system |
| Neurons | is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling. |
| 3 parts of nuerons | 1-dendrites 2-cell body 3-axon |
| Dendrites | branching projections that conducts impluses TO the cell body |
| Axon | is the elongated projection that conducts impulses AWAY from the cell |
| Cell body | contains cell nucleus |
| Classificaton of Neurons(classified according to function) | 1-Sensory 2-Motor 3-Interneurons |
| Sensory(afferent) | neurons conduct impulses TO the spinal cord and brain |
| Motor(efferent) | neurons conduct impulses AWAY from the brain and spinal cord TO muscles and glands. |
| Internuerons(central or connecting) | conduct impulses FROM the sensory nuerons to the motor nuerons |
| Glia(neuroglia) | support cells by bringing the cells of the nervous tissue together structurally or functionally |
| Three types of Glial Cells of CNS | 1-Astrocytes 2-microglia 3-oligodendrocytes |
| Astrocytes | star-shaped cells that anchor small blood vessels to nuerons |
| Microglia | small cells that move in the inflamed brain tissue carrying on phagocytosis |
| Oligodendrocytes | form myelin sheaths on the axons in the CNS |
| Schwann cells | form myelin sheaths on the axons of the PNS |
| Nerve | a bundle of peripheral axons |
| Tract | is a bundle of the central axons |
| White matter | refers to the tissue composed primarily of myelinated axons |
| Gray matter | tissue composed primarily of cell bodies and UNmyelinated fibers |
| Nerve coverings | are made of fibrous connective tissue |
| Endoneurium | surrounds individual fibers within a nerve |
| Perineuronium | surrounds a group of nerves, fascicle |
| Epineurium | surrounds the entire nerve |
| reflex arc | nerve impulses are conducted from receptors to effectors over the neurons pathways |
| Reflex | conduction by a reflex arc results; contraction by a muscle or secretion by a gland |
| two-neuron arcs | consist of sensory neurons that synapse in the spinal cord with motor neurons |
| three-neuron arcs | consist of sensory neurons that synapse in the spinal cord with interneurons that synapse motor neurons |
| Nerve impulse (action potential) | are the self-propagating wave of electrical disturbance that travels along the surface of a neuron membrane |
| polarization | at rest, the neuron's membrane is slightly positive on the outside and negative on the inside(from slight excess of sodium ions on outside) |
| depolarization | inward movement of sodium ions cause the membrane to become positive on the inside and negative on the outside |
| repolarization | section of membrane quickly recovers from depolarization |
| Synapse | the place where impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another, the postsynaptic neuron |
| 3 structures of the synapse | 1-the synaptic knob 2-synaptic cleft 3-plasma membrane |
| Neurotransmitters | bind specific receptor molecules in the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron, opening ion channels and thereby stimulating impulse conduction by the membrane;chemicals by which neurons communicate |
| Neurotransmitters | 1-acetylcholine 2-norepinephrine(5) 3-dopamine(5) 4-serotonin(5) 5-catecholamines 6-endorphins 7-enkephalins 8-nitric oxide (NO) |
| divisions of the brain | 1-brainstem 2-cerebellum 3-diencephalon 4-cerebrum |
| 3 parts of brainstem | (in ascending order) 1-medulla oblongata 2-pons 3-midbrain |
| brainstem | consists of white matter with bits of gray matter scattered through it;all parts of are two-way conduction paths |
| sensory tract | conduct impulses to higher parts of the brain |
| Motor tract | conduct from the higher parts of the brain to the spinal cord |
| Gray matter areas(in brain) | function as important reflex centers |
| cerebellum | is the second LARGEST part of the human brain; a gray matter outer layer, which is thin but highly folded, forming a large surface area for processing information |
| arbor vitae | is the internal,treelike network of white matter tracts |
| cerebellum FUNCTIONS | helps control muscle contractions to produce coordinated movements to maintain balance, move smoothly, and sustain posture |
| diencephalon | 1-hypothalamus 2-thalamus 3-pineal gland |
| Hypothalamus | consists mainly of the posterior pituitary gland, pituitary stalk and gray matter |
| Hypothalamus CONTD | acts as major center for controlling the autonomic nervous system;helps control the functioning of internal organs |
| Hypothalamus CONTD 2 | helps control hormone secretion by the anterior and posterior pitutary glands;it indirectly helps control hormone secretion by most of the endocrine glands |
| hypothalamus | contains center for controlling body temperature, appetite, wakefulness(sleep cycle), and pleasure |
| Thalamus | a dumbbell shaped mass of gray matter extending toward each cerebral hemisphere;relays on impulses to cerebral cortex sensory areas;produces the emotions of (un)pleasantness associated with sensations |
| Pineal gland | a small body resembling a pine nut BEHIND the thalamus;adjusts output of the time keeping hormone,melatonin, in response to changing levels of external light, like sunlight and moonlight |
| Cerebrum | LARGEST part of the human brain;outer part is the cerebral cortex;made up of lobes; composed mainly of dendrites and cell bodies of neurons |
| cerebrum CONTD | interior composed of mainly white matter ;tracts of the nerve fibers arranged in bundles |
| basal nuclei | are the islands of gray matter that regulate autonomic movements and posture |
| Cerebrum functions | include mental processes of ALL types, sensations, consciousness, memory,voluntary control of movements |
| Spinal cord | consists of columns of white matter,composed of bundles of myelinated nerve fibers; form H-shaped core of the spinal cord |
| tracts | bundles of axons |
| spinal cord interior | composed of gray matter made up mainly of neuron dendrites and cell bodies |
| spinal cord tracts | provide 2 way conduction paths, which both ascend and descend path |
| spinal cord functions | primary control center for ALL spinal cord reflexes |
| sensory tracts | conduct impulses TO the brain |
| Motor tracts | conduct impulse FROM the brain |
| cranial nerves | 12 pairs; attach to the undersurface of the brain;connect the brain with neck and structures in the thorax and abdomen |
| spinal nerves | 31 pairs; contain dendrites of the sensory neurons and axons of motor neurons; conduct impulses necessary for sensations and voluntary movements |
| dermatome | is the skin surface area supplied by a single cranial or spinal nerve |
| Autonomic Nervous system | consists of motor neurons that conduct impulses from the central nervous system to cardiac muscle,smooth muscle,, and glandular epithelial tissue;regulates INVOLUNTARY functions |
| Autonomic neurons | are preganglionic autonomic neurons;conduct impulses from the spinal cord or the brainstem to an autonomic ganglion |
| postganglionic neurons | conduct impulses from the autonomic ganglion to cardiac muscle,smooth muscle, and glandular epithelial tissue |
| autonomic or visceral effectors | include tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses |
| division of ANS | 1-sympathetic system 2-parasympathetic system |
| Autonomic conduction paths | consists of two-neuron relays;preganglionic neurons from the CNS to the autonomic ganglia, synapses & postganglionic neurons from ganglia to the visceral effectors |
| Somatic motor neurons | conduct all the way from the CNS to the somatic effectors with no intervening synapses |
| sympathetic nervous system | includes dendrite and cell bodies of the sympathetic pregamglionic neurons,located in the gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord |
| SNS CONTD | axons leave the spinal cord in the anterior roots of spinal nerves , extend to sympathetic ganglia and synapse with several postganglionic neurons whose axons extend to the spinal cord or autonomic nerves to terminate in visceral effectors |
| chain of sympathetic ganglia | located in front of and each side of spinal column |
| SNS CONTD2 | serves as the emergency or stress system, controlling visceral effectors during strenuous exercise and when strong emotions are triggered |
| fight or flight response | group of changes induced by SNS |
| Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons | have dendrites and cell bodies in the gray matter of the brainstem and the sacral segments of the spinal cord;terminate parasympathetic ganglia (located in head,thoracic,abdominal cavities) close to visceral effectors; |
| PSNS preganglionic neurons | synapses with postgagnlionic to only one effector;dominates control of many visceral effectors under normal everyday conditions;counter balance sympathetic functions |
| Cholinergic fibers | are the preganglionic axons of the parasympathetic and sypathetic systems and parasympathetic postganglionic axons, which release acetylcholine |
| adrenergic fibers | are axons of the sympathetic postganglionic neurons, which release norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
| ANS | also functions in ways that maintain homeostasis;many visceral effectors are doubly innervated, means they receive fibers from pararsympathetic and sympathetic didvisins;influenced in opposite ways of the teo divisions |
| limbic system | emotional brain; a collection of various small regions of the brain that act together to produce emotion and emotional response |
| meninges | tough,fluid-containing membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord |
| dura mater | tough outer layer that lines the vertebral canal |
| pia mater | innermost membrane covering the spinal cord itself |
| arachnoid mater | membrane between pia nad dura mater |
| cerebral ventricles | small cavity, filled with CSF |
| cerebrospinal fluid CSF | fluid that fills the subarachnoid spaces between pia mater and arachnoid in the brain and spinal cord |
| corpus callosum | structure connecting the right and left halves of the cerebrum |
| gyri | ridges of the cerebrum |
| sulci | grooves of the cerebrum |
| node of ranvier | indentations between adjacent schwann cells |
| neurilemma | outside cell membrane of a schwann cell |
| olfactory | nerve 1 of cranial nerves;conducts impulses from nose to brain;sense of smell |
| occipital lobe | vision |
| auditory | temporal lobe |
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