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Abdominal Wall
| Answer | |
|---|---|
| What is aponeurosus? | A very broad and flat tendon that goes to the midline from the muscles |
| What do the transversalis fascia and peritoneum do? | They encase everything inside of the abdomen |
| What is camper's fascia? | Superficial fascia |
| What is deep to camper's fascia? | Scarpa's fascia, Membranous layer which is more developed in the lower part than the upper part of the abdomen |
| What is scarpa's fascia called in the peritoneum? On the penis? | Superficial perinelor Colles fascia, Dartos fascia |
| Where can blood or urine from a perineal injury leak into? | Into abdominal wall between the scarpa's fascia and aponeruorsos or anterior abdominal wall |
| How are injuries evident on the abdominal wall due to scarpa's fascia? | You can peel off scarpa's fascia layer |
| What is Mondor's disease? | When the thoracoepigastric vein is compressed and the vein clots off. |
| Where does the external obliques end? | Ends at free edge (inguinal ligament), Inferior attaches to superior part of iliac crest |
| Where is the external oblique merging from? | From between the attachments of serratus anterior and fibers underneath the latissimus dorsi |
| Where is the internal obliques attached to? | Attachment to thoraco lumbar fascia posteriorly |
| Which way does the aponeurosus run on external obliques? Internal obliques? | Runs anterior on external, runs posterior on internal |
| Where are the transversus abdominus? | Runs transversely across the abdomen (deep to internal oblique) |
| What is the transversus abdominus attached to? | Attached to thoracolumbar facia, iliac crest and inguinal ligament |
| Where are the rectus abdominus located? | Medial to all the muscles, from ribs 5-7, from xiphoid/anterior ribs to pubis |
| What are the rectus abdominus contained in? | The aponeuorotic layers form a sheath that contains the rectus muscles. Each rectus has a compartment of their own |
| What do the tendious intersections help do? | The tendious intersections help segmentize the muscles |
| What are the rectus abdominus attached to? | Attached to anterior part of rectus sheath but not posterior part |
| Where is there potential for a hernia in the muscles? | When you have a gap in muscle coverage |
| Can you separate the aponeurosus from the external and internal oblique? | No, nearly impossible to do |
| What is the spermatic cord? | Entity that carries structures to and from the testicle |
| What is the cremaster muscle? | Muscle that rasises the testicle when it contracts (too cold outside), lowers it when it relaxes (too hot outside) |
| What is the cremasteric reflex? | When you stimulate the abdominal wall and induce a reflex and have it contract |
| What is the acruate line? | Where there is a transition, you see posterior rectus sheath and then it disappears inferior to acruate line |
| What is the linea semilunaris? | Lateral edge of rectus sheath where everything runs anterior. Everything is coming together on both sides of the linea alba in the midline |
| What does the decussion of the fibers of linea alba mean? | Crisscross in the midline of the external oblique aponeurosus |
| Where is the linea semicicularis/arcuate line located? | About the third of the way down to half way to the pubis |
| Where do the inferior epigastric vessels enter the rectus sheath? | Posteriorly at the acruate line |
| Is there rectus sheath above the arcuate line? | Yes |
| Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate and goes into the arteries? What do the arteries supply? | The aorta splits into 2 major branches (right and left common iliacs) below the umbilicus at L4 that will supply the legs |
| What structure is running through the midline of the median umbilical fold? | The remnant of urachus |
| What happens if the urachus is patent? | You can get umbilical cysts that contain urine and communicate with the bladder. Urine can come through your belly |
| What causes a recuts hematoma? | Tearing of anterior epigastric vessels |
| What happens if epigastric vessels tear above the arcuate line? | Blood goes inside the rectus sheath |
| What happens if epigastric vessels tear below the arcuate line? | Blood goes outside the rectus sheath |
| What happens if epigastric vessels tear inside rectus sheat? | It will bleed between the peritoneum and transversalis fascia |
| What can a rectus hermatoma cause the abdominal wall to do? | It causes it to stiffen. Extensive bleeding can extend to the pelvis |
| When you contract your abdominal muscles what happens? | Pressure on pelvis that help defication |
| What keeps you erect? | Muscles on front and back of spinal column |
| What is diastasis? | A movement apart of the rectus muscles with a thinning of the linea alba |
| How does the abdomen get blood supply and innervation? | From the superior and inferior epigastric arteries. Inferior is a branch of iliac artery. (Blood supplies mix and mingle) Innervation from intercostal nerves. |
| What innervates the pubis? | T-12 |
| Where should T-8 be located? | Midway the umbilicus and xiphoid process |
| Where is the ilionigunial nerve? | It is at L-1 and runs between muscle layers. Kind of overlaps with T-12 |
| What comes out anterior and inferior to the inguinal ligament? | Spermatic cord comes out anteriorly and femoral vessels exit inferiorly |
| What are the external iliac vessels called once the cross the plane of the inguinal ligament? | Femoral vessels |
| What hapens when the processus vaginalis does not oblierate? | You can have a hernia with intestines coming all the way to the scrotum |
| Where is the deep inguinal ring? | Superior to inguinal ligament |
| Superficial inguinal ring? | Go through the external oblique aponeurosus |
| Where is hesselbach's triangle? | Posterior wall of inguinal canal |
| Vas deferens or ductus deferens go through where? | THe deep and superficial inguinal ring |
| What is a hernia above the inguinal ligament called? Next to external iliac or femoral vein? | Inguinal hernia and femoral hernia |
| Where is a direct hernia? Indirect hernia? | Direct can still get into inguinal canal and is medial to the vessels. Indirect is inside pocket of peritoneum and is lateral to vessels |
| What is a spighelian hernia? Petite hernia? Umbilical hernia? Epigastric hernia? Incisional hernia? | Spighelian: where linea semilunaris meets linea semicircularis. Petite: Gap between external obliaue and latissimus dorsi. Umbilical: through the belly button. Epigastric: anywhere above belly button. Incisional: anywhere you make incision |
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