| Question | Answer |
| The laryngeal prominence is more commonly called... | "Adam's apple" |
| What is the only bone in the human body that does not articulate with other bones? | Hyoid bone |
| The thyroid gland is divided into 3 parts: | R/L lobe and isthmus |
| The parathyroid glands are located on the __ surface of the thyroid gland | posterior |
| The thyroid gland is deep to what muscles? | Infrahyoid |
| The lobes of the thyroid gland are ____ to the trachea and larynx | anterolateral |
| What are the endrocrine functions of the thyroid gland? | Metabolism, growth,temperature regulation, secretion of T3 and T4 |
| How many parathyroid glands are there? | 4 |
| What are the endocrine functions of the parathyroid glands? | Regulate calcium and phospate levels |
| What are the three sections of the pharynx? (superior to inferior) | Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| What muscles wrap around the pharynx, superficially? | Constrictors |
| What nerve innervates the muscles of the pharynx? | CN 10 (vagus nerve) |
| The larynx connects ___ (superior) to ____ (inferior) | Pharynx, trachea |
| What nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the larynx? | CN 10 (vagus nerve) |
| What 2 branches of the vagus nerve (CN 10) supply the larynx? | Superior laryngeal branch, recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| Proximal to the larynx, the recurrent laryngeal nerve becomes... | The inferior laryngeal nerve |
| What does the inferior laryngeal nerve innervate? | All of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx |
| What condition would result from a lesion of either the recurrent laryngeal nerve or the inferior laryngeal nerve? | Paralysis of vocal folds |
| The trachea begins inferior to what structure? | Cricoid cartilage |
| What muscular tube is continuous with the laryngopharynx? | The esophagus |
| The esophagus is divided into thirds; what types of muscle are found in each third? | 1st third (striated; voluntary), 2nd third (smooth and striated), 3rd third (smooth; involuntary) |
| What nerve, if damaged, could cause a person's voice to change? | Inferior laryngeal nerve (or recurrent laryngeal nerve) |
| What areas does the lymphatic system drain? | The interstitial space b/w cells and blood vessels |
| Platysma (inf, sup, N, Act) | Inf: fascia & skin over pectoralis major & deltoid muscles
Sup: Inferior border of mandible & skin of lower face
N: CN 7 – cervical branch (facial n)
Act: tenses skin of neck, depresses angles of mouth, weak mandible depressor |
| Sternocleidomastoid (inf, sup, N, Act) | Inf: sternal head – anterior manubrium
clavicular head –medial 1/3 clavicle
Sup: mastoid process, lateral ½ superior nuchal line of occipital bone
N: CN 11
A: Unilateral- ipsilateral lat. flex. and CONTRLATERAL rotation
bilateral – flexes neck |
| Tight SCM may cause... | Head forward posture, referred pain in head (muscle tension headaches) |
| Ansa cervicalis innervates 3 infrahyoid muscles: | Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid |
| Sternohyoid (inf, sup, N, Act) | Inf: posterior surface of manubrium and medial clavicle
Sup: body of hyoid
N: ansa cervicalis
A: depresses hyoid |
| Thyrohyoid (inf, sup, N, Act) | Inf: oblique line of thyroid cartilage
Sup: body and greater horn of hyoid
N: (VPR) C1 via CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)
A: depresses hyoid and elevates thyroid cartilage |
| Sternothyroid (inf, sup, N, Act) | Inf: posterior manubrium of sternum
Sup: oblique line of thyroid cartilage
N: ansa cervicalis
A: depresses the thyroid cartilage (larynx) |
| Omohyoid (inf, sup, N, Act) | O: inferior belly - superior border scapula
superior belly – intermediate tendon
I: inferior belly - inferior boarder of hyoid
superior belly – body of hyoid
N: ansa cervicalis
A: depresses, retracts and stabilizes hyoid |
| Mylohyoid (inf, sup, N, Act) | Sup: mylohyiod line of mandible
Inf: raphe and body of hyoid
N: mylohyoid n (CN5)
A: elevates hyoid and tongue and during speech and swallowing |
| Geniohyoid (inf, sup, N, Act) | Sup: inferior mental spine of mandible
Inf: body of hyoid
N: branch of C1 via CN 12 (hypoglossal nerve)
A: pulls hyoid anterosuperiorly (widens pharynx during deglutition/swallowing) |
| Stylohyoid (inf, sup, N, Act) | Sup: Styloid process of temporal bone
Inf: body of hyoid
N: CN 7 (facial nerve - cervical branch)
A: elevates and retracts hyoid (elongates floor of mouth) |
| Digastric (inf, sup, N, Act) | O: Anterior belly – digastric fossa of mandible
Posterior belly – mastoid notch of temporal bone
I: intermediate tendon to hyoid
N: Anterior belly – mylohyoid n (CN 5)
Posterior belly – CN 7
A: depresses mandible, elevates hyoid |
| What structure passes between the middle and anterior scalenes? | Brachial plexus |
| What are the actions of the scalenes muscles? | Elevate ribs 1 and 2, flex cervical vertebrae and rotate C-spine to opposite side |
| Scalenus anterior attaches to... | TPs of cervical spine (sup), 1st rib (inf) |
| Scalenus medius attaches to... | TPs of cervical spine (sup), 1st rib (inf) |
| Scalenus posterior attaches to... | TPs of cervical spine (sup), 2nd rib (inf) |
| Impingement of the brachial plexus between scalenus anterior and midius may lead to referred pain in... | The scapular region / UE |
| What muscles do PTs commonly train for stability of the neck? | Prevertebral muscles (deep neck flexors) |
| Weak or inhibited "deep neck flexors" leads to... | Neck dysfunction, pain, cervical instability |
| Boundaries of posterior triangle... | Ant: SCM
Post: trapezius
Inf: Clavicle |
| Contents of posterior triangle... (veins, arteries, nerves, muscles) | Veins: EJV
Ateries: transverse cervical artery, subclavian artery, suprascapular artery
Nerves: brachial plexus, CN 11, cutaneous branch of CP
Muscles: omohyoid (inf belly), med/post scalenes, levator scapla, splenius capitus |
| Floor of posterior triangle... | Medial/posterior scalenes, levator scapula, splenius capitus |
| The subdivisions of the posterior triangle are separated by... | Inferior belly of omohyoid |
| The 2 subdivisions of the posterior triangle are called... | Occipital triangle, supraclavicular triangle |
| Boundaries of the anterior triangle... | Lat: SCM
Med: midline
Sup: mandible |
| The occipital triangle is __ to the inf. belly of the omohyoid. | Superior |
| The supraclavicular triangle is ___ to the inf. belly of the omohyoid | Inferior |
| Contents of the anterior triangle... (muscles) | Hyoid muscles |
| Submandibular triangle (aka digastric triangle) - Boarders | anterior and posterior bellies of digastric m, mandible |
| Submandibular triangle (aka digastric triangle) - Contents | *submandibular gland/duct, submandibular lymph nodes, CN 12 |
| Carotid triangle - Boarders | superior belly of omohyoid, posterior belly of digastric, anterior border of SCM |
| Carotid triangle - Contents | CCA, ECA,
IJV
CN 10, 11, 12, ansa cervicalis, branches of cervical plexus
Thyroid, larynx, pharynx |
| Muscular triangle - Boarders | superior belly of omohyoid, anterior border of SCM, median plane of neck (midline) |
| Muscular triangle - Contents | Infrahyoid muscles, thyroid and parathyroid glands |
| Submental triangle - Boarders | Right and left anterior belly of digastric muscle, hyoid bone |
| Submental triangle - Contents | submental lymph nodes |
| The phrenic nerve is __ to the anterior scalene | Superficial |
| What are the 3 branches of the external carotid artery (ECA)? | Facial, maxillary, superficial temporal |
| All 3 branches of ECA enter... | the eye socket |
| EJV and cutaneous nerve are ___ to SCM | superficial |
| IVJ is ___ to SCM and cutaneous nerve | deep |
