Personality
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| Personality | Individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits. Depends on consistency and distinctiveness
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| Consistency | Stability in personality over time and situations
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| Distinctiveness | Behavioral differences between people reaction to the same situation
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| Factor analysis | Correlations among many variables analyzed to identify related clusters
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| Extraversion | Personality trait - Outgoing, sociable, friendly
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| Neuroticism | Personality trait - Anxious, hostile, insecure, self-conscious
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| Openness to experience | Personality trait - Curiosity, flexibility, vivid fantasy, imaginativeness, artistic, unconventional attitudes
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| Agreeableness | Personality trait - If high, sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, trustworthy. If low, suspicious, antagonistic, aggressive
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| Conscientiousness | Personality trait - Diligent, disciplined, well-organized, punctual, dependable
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| Id | Freud personality - Primitive, instinctive component - pleasure principle - raw biological urges. Primary process thinking - primitive, illogical, irrational, fantasy oriented
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| Ego | Freud personality - Decision making component - operates according to reality principle - between urges of id and constraints of society. Secondary process thinking - rational, realistic, problem solving
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| Superego | Fredu personality - moral component. Incorporates social standards
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| Preconscious | Awareness level just beneath surface of awareness - easily retreived
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| Conscious | Awareness level of what one is aware of at a time
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| Unconscious | Awareness level of thoughts, memories, desires below awareness that still influence behavior
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| Repression | Def. mech where one keeps distressing thoughts in unconscious
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| Projection | Def. mech where one attributes one's feelings towards someone else
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| Displacement | Def. mech where one diverts emotional feelings from original to different source
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| Reaction formation | Def. mech where one acts in opposite way than actually feeling
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| Regression | Def. mech where one reverts to immature patterns of behavior
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| Rationalization | Def. mech where one creates false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior
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| Identification | Dfe. mech where one bolts self-esteem by forming imaginary / real alliance with someone else
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| Sublimation | Def. mech where one channels unacceptable instinctive drives to socially acceptable ways
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| Psychosexual stages | Developmental periods with characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality
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| Fixation | Failure to move from one stage to another of development
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| Stage 1 (p.s.) | Oral. 0-1. Erotic focus mouth. Key task is weaning (solid food). Fixation if smokes / overeats
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| Stage 2 (p.s) | Anal. 2-3. Erotic focus anal. Key task is toilet training. Fixation if hostile or anxious
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| Stage 3 (p.s) | Phallic. 4-5. Erotic focus genitals. Key task is oedipal complex.
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| Stage 4 (p.s) | Latency. 6-12. No erotic focus. Key task is expanding social constructs
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| Stage 5 (p.s) | Genital. Erotic focus genitals. Puberty+. Key task is establishing intimate relationships
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| Personal unconscious | Jung's theory - houses material not within one's conscious awareness because repressed or forgoteen
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| Collective unconscious | Jung's theory - houses material of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past. Shared by all humans
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| Archetypes | Emotionally charged images and thought forms w/ universal meaning.
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| Introverts | Jung's thought of people occupied with internal world of own thoughts, feelings, experiences
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| Extroverts | Jung's thought of people interested in external world of people and things
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| Compensation | Adler's idea that people try to conceal inferiorities by developing abilities
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| Overcompensation | Adler's idea that people hide inferiorities, work to achieve status, gain power over others
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| Reciprocal determinism | Idea that internal mental events, external mental events, and overt behavior all influence each other
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| Mischel | Argued that behavior is situationally specific, and consistency is low throughout situations. Controversial b/c if no consistency, no need for 'personality'
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| Self concept | Collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and behavior. Many times distorted to be positive
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| Incongruence | Degree of disparity between self concept and actual experience. If too large, undermines one's psychological well being
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| Roger | He was concerned with what children believe within themselves and their reality, as well as parents' beliefs of them
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| Conditional love | Type of love where children block out self-concept and feel unworthy. Leads to incongruence
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| Unconditional love | Type of love where children do not feel need to block out unworthy experiences. Leads to congruence
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| Hierarchy of needs | Systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority. Basic needs > less basic needs
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| Physiological needs, safety, love, self-esteem, cognitive, aesthetic, self-actualization | Maslow's theory of self-actualization stages
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| Open and spontaneous, enjoy peak experiences, strong and limited friendships, philosophical, not hostile sense of humor | Characteristics of self-actualized people
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| Superficial traits | Derived from a smaller number of basic traits derived from higher order traits
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| Extroversion | Eysenck's high order trait - sociable, assertive, active
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| Neuroticism | Eysenck's high order trait - anxiety, tense, moody, low self-esteem
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| Psychoticism | Eysenck's high order trait - egocentrism, impulsive, cold, antisocial
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| Eysench's theory - biological perspective | Believed that personality was mostly genetic
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| 40-58% | Percentage of heritability that varies with genetics
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| Locus of Control | Expectancy of degree in which individuals control outcomes
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| External locus of control | Expecting successes and failures to be by chance
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| Internal locus of control | Expecting successes and failures to be by one's effort
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| Sensation seeking | General preference for high / low levels of sensory stimulation (high / low)
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| Self monitoring | Degree to which people attend to or control impression they make on others (high / low)
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | Personality test that scores 10 personality characteristics like paranoia, depression, and social introversion
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| Raymond Cattell - 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire | Personality test that shows 16 traits
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| NEO test | Personality test that measures 5 big personality traits
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| Projective tests | Personality test category where subjects respond to vague stimuli to reveal needs / feelings / etc.
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| Thematic Apperception Test, Rorschach, word association, incomplete sentences, drawing people | Types of projective tests
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