introduction to the skeletal system
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| show | support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, triglyceride storage
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| hemopoiesis | show 🗑
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| show | C/mostly adipocytes | F/storage of triglycerides
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| show | long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
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| long bones | show 🗑
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| show | A/cube-shaped | EX/most carpals, tarsals
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| show | SF/provide extensive surfaces for muscle attachment | SA/generally thin | EX/cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae
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| irregular bones | show 🗑
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| sesamoid bones | show 🗑
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| show | the shaft of a long bone
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| show | the proximal and distal ends of a long bone
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| show | in long bones, the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses; these are the regions where bone growth (in length) takes place
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| show | thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation with another bone | F/reduces friction and absorbs shock
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| periosteum | show 🗑
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| show | in long bones, the hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow in adults
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| endosteum | show 🗑
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| show | C/25% water, 25% collagen [providing flexibility and tensile strength], 50% crystallized mineral salts [providing hardness]
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| osteogenic cells | show 🗑
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| osteoblasts | show 🗑
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| show | the most numerous cells in osseous tissue | F/maintain the daily metabolism of osseous tissue, exchanging nutrients and wastes with the blood
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| osteoclasts | show 🗑
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| two major types of osseous tissue | show 🗑
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| Volkmann's canals | show 🗑
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| haversian canals | show 🗑
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| concentric lamellae | show 🗑
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| lacunae | show 🗑
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| show | aka haversian system | in compact bone tissue, a repeating structural unit consisting of one central canal and its concentrically arranged lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi | AL/osteons are aligned in the same direction along lines of stress
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| canaliculi | show 🗑
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| show | is not softer than compact bone tissue; called "spongy" only because of its appearance | does not contain osteons
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| trabeculae | show 🗑
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| nutrient foramen | show 🗑
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| the two major types of bone formation | show 🗑
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| intramembranous ossification | show 🗑
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| show | most bones form this way | steps: dev. of the cartilage model, growth of the cartilage model, dev. of the primary ossification center, dev. of the medullary cavity, dev. of the secondary oss. centers, formation of articular cartilage + epiphyseal plate
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| epiphyseal plate | show 🗑
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| show | zone of resting cartilage [nearest epiphysis], zone of proliferating cartilage [here, chondrocytes are formed to replace those at the diaphyseal end], zone of hypertrophic cartilage, zone of calcified cartilage
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| show | in long bones of adults, a bony structure at the former site of epiphyseal plates (those plates close around age 18 in women, 21 in men)
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| show | osteoblasts in the inner layer of the periosteum secrete new ECM, creating new lamellae
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| factors affecting bone growth | show 🗑
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| hormones involved in bone growth | show 🗑
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