Chapter 2 Test
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| 5-carbon sugar | pentose
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| acid group | COOH
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| acids | water having more hydrogen ions
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| active site | where an enzyme binds
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| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | chemical energy used by all cells
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| americium^241 | a component in household and industrial smoke detectors
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| amine group | NH2
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| amino acids | building blocks of proteins
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| amu | atomic mass unit
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| anion | negatively charged ion
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| antibodies | highly specialized proteins that recognize, bind with and inactivate bacteria, toxins, and some viruses
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| atomic mass number | number of protons & neutrons
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| atomic number | number of protons
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| atoms | building blocks of matter
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| bases | release hydroxide ions into solution
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| bile salts | a breakdown product of cholesterol; released by the liver into the digestive tract, where they aid in fat digestion and absorption
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| biological catalysts | a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
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| biomolecules | organic molecules made by living organisms
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| bonding | involves interactions between electrons in the outer shell
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| brown adipose tissue | a special type of body fat that is turned on (activated) when you get cold
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| buffers | substances that act to maintain pH stability by taking up excess hydrogen or hydroxyl ions
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| cane sugar | sucrose
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| carbohydrates | which include sugars and starches, contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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| carbon | the primary element in all organic molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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| cation | positively charged ion
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| cellulose | a polysaccharide that is only found in plants
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| chemical bonding | combining of atoms of elements
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| chemical energy | stored in the bonds of chemical substances
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| chemical formula | consists of the chemical symbols for the elements that make up the compound
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| chemical reaction | any process in which a chemical change occurs
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| chemical transformation | chemically competent cells are mixed with plasma in DNA and briefly exposed to an elevated temperature
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| cholesterol | basis for all steroids made in the body
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| cobalt^60 | used for sterilization of spices and certain foods; industrial radiography
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| cohesion | hydrogen bonding causes molecules to stick together
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| collagen | the main structural protein found in skin and other connective tissues
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| compound | when atoms of different elements combine chemically
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| condensation | when two monomers link, a molecule of water is produced
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| covalent bonds | bond formed by the sharing of electrons
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| decomposition reaction | reaction in which a compound breaks down
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| dehydration synthesis | the removal of water molecules; the process by which biological molecules are formed from their monomers by removing water
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| denatured | the breaking down of weak bonds
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| deoxyribonucleic acid | the genetic material found within the cell's nucleus
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| deuterium | lightest isotope of hydroge
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| diatomic elements | hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I).
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| disaccharide | two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis
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| dissociation | the separation of ion pairs in a solution
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| double covalent bonds | share two pairs of electrons
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| electrical energy | force that results from the movement of charged particles
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| electrolyte | a solution that conducts electricity
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| electronegativity | the attraction (pull) for shared electrons
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| electron | negatively charged part of an atom
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| electron shells | energy levels
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| electron transfer bond | (ionic bond) the act of moving an electron from one place to another
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| empirical formula | a combination of chemical symbols and numbers that indicates which elements and how many atoms of each element are present in a molecule
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| energy | the ability to do work
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| enzymes | organic catalyst
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| exchange reaction | switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made
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| fibrous proteins | (structural proteins) appear most often in body structures and are very important in binding structures together and providing strength in certain body tissues
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| first energy level (numbers) | full with 2 electrons
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| four elements (96% of us) | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
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| fructose | the sweetest of the simple sugars, is found in fruits
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| functional proteins | type of protein that antibodies are examples of
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| galactose | found in milk
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| globular proteins | protein classification of antibodies or enzymes
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| glucose | most important of the monosaccharides
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| H^+ | nucleus of a hydrogen ion separated from its electron
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| hemoglobin | a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood
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| hormones | help to regulate growth and development (growth hormone, insulin, and nerve growth factor)
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| hydrogen | the lightest element;
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| hydrogen bonds | extremely weak bonds formed when a hydrogen atom bound to one electron-hungry nitrogen or oxygen atom is attracted to another electron-hungry atom, and the hydrogen forms a bridge between them
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| hydrolysis | breaking apart of a molecule by the addition of water
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| hydroxyl ions | a negatively charged ion made up of hydrogen bonded to oxygen
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| inert elements | do not combine with other atoms to form compounds (krypton, neon, argon, helium, xenon, radon); the outer most shell is complete
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| inorganic compounds | lack carbon (water, salts, and some acids and bases)
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| ion | atom with electrical charge
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| ionic bonds | attraction that holds ions together
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| isomers | compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
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| isotope | made by adding neutrons
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| keratin | structural protein of hair and nails
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| lactose | (milk sugar) glucose + galactose
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| lipids | are organic compounds that are waxy or oily
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| liquid (atomic movement) | particles move rapidly in all directions but collide with each other more frequently than in gases due to shorter distances between particles
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| macromolecules | large polymers
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| malt sugar | maltose
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| maltose | (malt sugar) glucose + glucose
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| matter | occupies space and has mass
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| mechanical energy | energy directly involved in moving matter
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| messenger RNA | carries the information for building the proteins from the DNA genes to the ribosomes
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| milk sugar | lactose
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| molecular formula | a combination of chemical symbols and numbers that indicates which elements and how many atoms of each element are present in a molecule
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| molecule | particle that is formed by atoms sharing electrons in covalent bonds
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| monomers | smaller compounds
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| monosaccharides | simple sugars such as: glucose, fructose, and galactose
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| nerve impulses | a signal transmitted along a nerve fiber
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| neutral fats | the source of stored energy and found in fat deposits
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| neutral solution | solution that has the same number of hydrogen ions as hydroxide ions
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| neutralization reaction | when acids and bases react to form water and a salt
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| neutrons | subatomic particle not having a charge
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| nitrogen | a component of proteins and nucleic acids
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| non-polar covalent bonds | electrons are shared equally between the atoms of the molecule
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| nucleic acids | make up the genes, which provide the basic blueprint of life
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| nucleotides | building blocks of nucleic acids
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| organic compounds | compounds containing carbon (carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins)
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| outer shell | valence shell
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| pentose | name given to a five carbon sugar
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| pH 7=neutral | the number of hydrogen ions exactly equals the number of hydroxyl ions
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| pH above 7=basic | hydroxyl ions outnumber the hydrogen ions
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| pH below 7=acidic | hydrogen ions outnumber the hydroxyl ions
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| phospholipid | lipid type containing two fatty acids rather than three forming cell membranes
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| polar covalent bonds | specific bond in which electrons are shared but not equally
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| polar molecule | molecules with an unequal distribution of charges
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| polarity | the property of having poles or being polar.
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| polymerization | large compounds are constructed by joining together smaller compounds
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| polymers | a very large molecule consisting of repeated linked units
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| polysaccharide | carbohydrates that are long-branching chains of linked simple sugars (starch, cellulose, and glycogen)
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| polyunsaturated fats | lipids made from polyunsaturated fatty acids
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| polyunsaturated fatty acids | A fatty acid containing more than one double bond
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| proteins | compounds that account for over 50 percent of the organic matter in the body
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| protium | stable isotope of hydrogen
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| protons | positively charged particle
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| r group | a single group of amino acids that differ from the rest that make each amino acid chemically unique
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| radiant energy | travels in waves (X-rays, infrared radiation, visible light, radio, and ultraviolet)
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| radioactivity | process of spontaneous atomic decay
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| radioisotope | heavier isotopes of certain atoms are unstable and decompose to become more stable
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| reactive elements | have incompletely filled valence shells
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| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis
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| ribose | sugar found in RNA
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| ribosomal RNA | forms part of the ribosomes, where it oversees the translation of the message and the binding together of amino acids to form proteins
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| rule of eights | atoms interact in such a way that they will have 8 electrons in their valence shell
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| salts | easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water (electrolytes)
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| saturated fats | lipids made from saturated fatty acids
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| second energy level (numbers) | hold up to 8 electrons
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| saturated fatty acids | fatty acids that contain only single covalent bonds
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| shell 1 | can hold a maximum of 2 electrons
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| shell 2 | can hold a maximum of 8 electrons
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| shell 3 | can hold a maximum of 18 electrons
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| single covalent bonds | share one pair of electrons
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| solid | least atomic movement
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| source of stored energy | triglycerides
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| starch | a white, granular, organic chemical that is produced by all green plants
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| steroids | flat molecules formed of four interlocking rings
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| sterols | play a number of important roles in building cells and carrying messages from one part of the body to another (estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone)
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| structural formula | an expanded molecular showing the arrangement of atoms within the molecule
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| structural proteins | (fibrous proteins) appear most often in body structures and are
very important in binding structures together and providing strength in certain body tissues
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| sublimation | the change from a solid to a gas without becoming a liquid
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| substrates | substance that is acted on by enzyme; catalyst
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| sucrose | (cane sugar) glucose + fructose
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| surface tension | a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
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| synthesis reaction | atoms or molecules combine and energy is absorbed for bond formation
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| tracer | a radioactive element whose pathway through the steps of a chemical reaction can be followed
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| transfer RNA | riibonucleic acid that ferries amino acids to the ribosomes
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| triglycerides | another name for neutral fats;
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| tritium | heaviest isotope of hydrogen
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| unsaturated fatty acids | fatty acids that contain one ore more double covalent bonds; are usually liquid (oils) at room temperature
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| valence shell | name given to an atom's outermost energy level
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| vitamin d | a fat-soluble vitamin produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation; necessary for normal bone growth and function; deficits result in sterility
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| water | most abundant inorganic compound in the body
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| white adipose tissue | 1. heat insulation, 2. mechanical cushion, 3. source of energy
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| nitrogenous bases | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil
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