nervous tissue
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| the ____ system along with the _____ helps to keep controlled conditions within limits that maintain helath and helps to maintain homeostasis | nervous, endocrine
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| nervous has 3 basic functions | - sensing changes with sensory receptors-interpreting and remembering those changes- reacting to those changes with effectors
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| a _____ is a bundle of hundreds or thousands of axons, each which courses along a defined path and serves a specific region of the body | nerve
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| spinal cord connects to the ____ through the _____ _____ of the skull and is encircled by the bones of the vertebral column | brain; foramen magnum
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| ____ is located outside the brain and the spinal cord, are small masses of nervous tissue containing primarily cell bodies of neruons | ganglia
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| entric _____ help regulate the digestive system | plexuses
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| ____ _____ are either parts of neruons or specialized cells that monitor changes in the internal or external enviroment | sensory receptors
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| the ____ function is to analyze the sensory info., store some aspects and make decisions reguarding appropriate behaviors. (association or interneurons serve this function) | integrative
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| the ____ function is to respone to stimului by initiating action | motor
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| CNS | brain/ spinal
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| PNS | -cranial/ spinal nerves (sensory & motor)-connects CNS to muscles, glands and all sensory receptors
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| motor neurons to skeletal muscles | somatic (voluntary) SNS
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| neurons from cutaneous and special sensory receptors to CNS | SNS
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| sensory neurons from visceral organs to CNS | autonomic (involuntary) nervous system
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| motor neurons to smooth and cardiac mucles and glands (symp/parasymp) | ANS
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| involuntary sensory and motor neruons control GI tract | enteric nervous system
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| ______ neurons of the ENS monitor chemical changes within the GI tract and streching of its walls | sensory neruons
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| consists of neurons in enteric plexuses that extend the length of the GI tract | enteric nervous system
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| enteric motor neurons govern contraction of GI tract organs, and acticity of the GI tract endocrine cells | enteric motor neruons
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| functional unit of nervous system | neuron
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| capacity to pro. action potenial/ electical excitability | neruons
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| cell body contains nissl bodies(chromatin) what do they do | pro. rough ER and free ribosomes for protein synthesis
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| ____ give cell shape and support | neruofilaments
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| ___ move material inside cell | microtubules
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| cell processes= | dendrites and axons
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| ___ are the recieving or input portions of a neuron (carry action potential toward soma) | dendrites
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| conducts nerve impules from the neuron to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron or to an efffect organ of the body (muscle or gland) | axon
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| typically short, highly branched and unmyelinated | dendrites
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| conduct impules away from cell body | axons
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| long, thin cylindrical process of cell | axon
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| in axons they arise where? | axon hillox
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| swollen tips called synapic end bulbs contain vesicles filled with | neurotransmitters
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| cell body is location for most | protein synthesis
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| slow axonal flow | movement in one direction only- away from cell body
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| fast axonal flow | moves organelles & materials along surface of microtubules; either direction
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| most neurons in body are | interneurons
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| sveral dendries and one axon- most common type of cell | multipolar
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| one main dendrite and one axon | bipolar
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| bipolar are found where | near retina, inner ear and olfactory
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| one process only (develops from a bipolar) | unipolar
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| unipolar are always | sensory neurons
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| transport sensory info from skin, muslces, joints, sense organs and viscera to CNS | sensory (afferent) neurons
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| send motor nerve impules to mucles and glands | motor (efferent) neurons
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| connect sensory to motor neurons- 90% of neurons in body | interneurons(association) neurons
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| half of the volume of the CNS/ smaller cells than neurons | neuroglial cells
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| these cells can divide- rapid mitosis in tumor formation (gliomas) | neuroglial cells
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| star- shaped cells/ form BBB by covering blood capillaries | astrocyte
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| metabolize neurotrasmitter/ reg. potassium balance/ provide structural support | Astrocytes
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| small cells found near blood vessels/ phagocytic role- clear away dead cells | microglia
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| form epithelial membrane lining cerebral cavities and central canal of spinal cord | ependymal cells
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| produce CSF | ependymal cells
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| derived from cells that also gave rise to macrophages and monocytes | microglia
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| support neurons in the PNS ganglia | satellite cells
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| flat cells surrounding neuronal cell boides in peripheral ganglia | satellite
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| most common glial cell type/ analogous to Schwann cells of PNS | Oligodendocytes
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| Each forms myelin sheath around more than one axons in CNS | Oligodendocytes
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| a multilayered lipid and protein covering called the myelin sheath | myelinination
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| produced by Schwann cells and oligodendocytes surrounds the axons of most neurons | myeliniation
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| cells encircling the PNS axons | Schwann cells
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| Each cell pro. part of myelin sheath surrounding an axon in the PNS | Schwann cell
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| all axons surround by a lipoprotein covering_____ produced by ______ | myelin sheath, Schwann cells
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| jelly-roll like wrappings made of lipoprotein | myelin
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| Schwann cell _____&______ forms outermost layer of neurolemma with inner portion being the myelin sheath | cytoplasm and nucleus
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| _____ myeliniate axons in the CNS | oligodendocytes
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| white matter= | myelinated processes (white in color)
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| nerve cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, bundles of UNmyelinated axons and neuroglia | grey matter
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| spinal cord= | gray matter froms an H-shape inner core surrounded by white matter
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| thin outer shell of gray matter covers surface and is found in clusters called nuclei inside the CNS | brain
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| a ____ is a mass of nerve cell bodies and dendrites inside the CNS | nucleus
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| neurons are electically excitable due to the ____ difference across their membrane | voltage
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| communicate with two types of electrical signals: | 1. action potention2. graded potential
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| potentials that can travel long dis. | action
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| potentials that are local membrane changes only | graded
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| in living cells, a flow of ions occurs though ____ _____ in the cell membrane | ion channels
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| _____ (nongated) channels are always open | leakage
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| in leakage cannels, membrane permeablility to ___ is high | K+
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| ____ channels open and close in response to a stimulus- results in neuron excitability | gated
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| ___ ____ channels respond to voltage changes, ligands(chemicals) and mechanical pressure | gated ion channels
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| _____ gated channels respond to a direct change in the membrane potential | voltage-gated channels
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| respond to a spefici chemical stiumulus | ligand gated channels
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| respond to mechianical vibration or pressure | mechanically gated ion channels
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| ____ ions along inside of cell mem. and ___ ions along outside | neg/ postivie
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| potential enegry difference at rest is | -70
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| why does resting potential exist | concentration of ions different inside and outside
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