Gross Anatomy of the Back
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| 7 Ligaments of Spinal Column | Anterior Longitudinal, Posterior Longitudinal, Ligamentum Flavum, Ligamentum Nuchae, Intertransverse, Interspinous, Supraspinous
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| Thoracic Skeleton | Sternum, Ribs (1-7 are true, 8-10 are false, 11-12 are floating), Costal Cartilage, Thoracic Vertebrae
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| Rib Components | Costal Angle, Costal Groove, Head, Neck, Articular Tubercle, Facets
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| Vertebrae Basic Osteology | Body, 2 Pedicles, 2 Laminae, Spinous Process, Transverse Processes, Superior/Inferior Articular Facets, Vertebral Foramen, Intervertebral Foramen
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| Sacral Osteology | Promontory, Ala, Auricular Surface, Coccyx
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| Superficial Extrinsic Back Muscles | Trapezius and Latissimus Dorsi
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| Intermediate Extrinsic Back Muscles | Serratus Posterior Superior/Inferior, Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid Major/Minor
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| Superficial Intrinsic Back Muscles | Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis
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| Intermediate Intrinsic Back Muscles | Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis
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| Deep Intrinsic Back Muscles | Semispinalis, Multifidus, Rotatores
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| Intersegmental Intrinsic Back Muscles | Transversospinales
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| Suboccipital Intrinsic Back Muscles | Rectus Capitis Posterior Major/Minor and Oblique Capitis Inferior/Superior
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| Muscles of Suboccipital Triangle | Oblique Capitis Superior/Inferior and Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
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| Contents of Suboccipital Triangle | Vertebral Artery and Suboccipital Nerve
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| Trapezius Prox. | Medial 1/3 of Superior Nuchal Line, External Occipital Protuberance, Ligamentum Nuchae, and Spinous Processes of C7-C12
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| Trapezius Dist. | Clavicle, Acromion, Scapular Spine
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| Trapezius Act. | Scapular Elevation/Depression and Scapular AD/ABduction
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| Trapezius Inn. | Spinal Root of Accessory Nerve and C3-C4
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| Latissimus Dorsi Prox. | Spinous Processes of T6-L5, Thoracolumbar Fascia, Sacrum, Iliac Crest, Lower 3 Ribs
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| Latissimus Dorsi Dist. | Floor of Intertubercular Groove
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| Latissimus Dorsi Act. | ADduction, Extension, and IR of Arm
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| Latissimus Dorsi Inn. | Thoracodorsal Nerve
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| Levator Scapulae Prox. | Transverse Processes of C1-C4
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| Levator Scapulae Dist. | Superior Border and Angle of Scapula
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| Levator Scapulae Act. | Elevation and Downward Rotation of Scapula
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| Levator Scapulae Inn. | Dorsal Scapular Nerve
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| Rhomboid Major Prox. | Spinous Processes of T2-T5
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| Rhomboid Minor Prox. | Spinous Processes of C7-T1
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| Rhomboids Dist. | Vertebral Border of Scapula
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| Rhomboids Act. | Elevation, Retraction, and Downward Rotation of Scapula
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| Rhomboids Inn. | Dorsal Scapular Nerve
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| Serratus Posterior Inferior Prox. | Aponeurosis of T11-L3 and Supraspinal Ligament
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| Serratus Posterior Inferior Dist. | Lower border of 9th-12th ribs
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| Serratus Posterior Inferior Act. | Depress Lower Ribs (Expiration)
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| Serratus Posterior Inferior Inn. | Intercostal Nerves
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| Serratus Posterior Superior Prox. | Upper Borders of 2nd-5th Ribs
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| Serratus Posterior Superior Dist. | Aponeurosis of Ligamentum Nuchae, Spinous Processes of C7-T2, and Supraspinal Ligament
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| Serratus Posterior Superior Act. | Elevate Ribs (Inspiration)
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| Serratus Posterior Superior Inn. | 2-5 Intercostal Nerves
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| Splenius Cervicis Prox. | Lower Ligamentum Nuchae, Spinous Processes of Upper Thoracic Vertebrae
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| Splenius Cervicis Dist. | Transverse Processes of Upper Cervical Vertebrae
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| Splenius Cervicis Act. | Extension of head/neck, Side Bending, and Same-Side Rotation
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| Splenius Cervicis Inn. | Dorsal Rami of Cervical Spinal Nerves
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| Splenius Capitis Prox. | Lower half of ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae
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| Splenius Capitis Dist. | Mastoid Process
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| Splenius Capitis Act. | Extension of Head/Neck, Side Bending and Same-Side Rotation
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| Splenius Capitis Inn. | Dorsal Rami of Cervical Spinal Nerves
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| Iliocostalis Lumborum Prox. | Iliac Crest
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| Iliocostalis Thoracis Prox. | Lower 6 Ribs
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| Iliocostalis Cervicis Prox. | Upper 6 Ribs
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| Iliocostalis Lumborum Dist. | Lower 6 Ribs
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| Iliocostalis Thoracis Dist. | Upper 6 Ribs
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| Iliocostalis Cervicis Dist. | Transverse Processes of Cervical Vertebrae
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| Iliocostalis Group Action | Extension and Side Bending
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| Iliocostalis Innervation | Dorsal Rami
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| Longissimus Thoracis Prox. | Sacrum and Transverse Processes of Lumbar Vertebrae
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| Longissimus Cervicis Prox. | Transverse Processes of Thoracic Vertebrae
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| Longissimus Capitis Prox. | Transverse Processes of Cervical Vertebrae
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| Longissimus Thoracis Dist. | Transverse Processes of Thoracis Vertebrae
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| Longissimus Cervicis Dist. | Transverse Processes of Cervical Vertebrae
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| Longissimus Capitis Dist. | Mastoid Process
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| Longissimus Act. | Extension and Side Bending...Capitis Rotates Head
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| Spinalis Prox. | Spinous Processes
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| Spinalis Dist. | Spinous Processes
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| Spinalis Act. | Extension
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| Spinalis Inn. | Dorsal Rami (Same as ALL Erector Spinae)
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| Semispinalis Thoracis Prox. | Transverse Processes of T7-T12
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| Semispinalis Cervicis Prox. | Transverse Processes of T1-T6
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| Semispinalis Capitis Prox. | Transverse Processes of C4-T6
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| Semispinalis Thoracis Dist. | Spinous Processes of C6-T12
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| Semispinalis Cervicis Dist. | Spinous Processes of C2-C5
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| Semispinalis Capitis Dist. | Occipital Bone
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| Semispinalis Act. | Extension and Opposite Side Rotation
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| Semispinalis Inn. | Dorsal Rami
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| Multifidus Prox. | Sacrum, Iliac Crest, and Transverse Processes
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| Multifidus Dist. | All Spinous Processes
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| Multifidus Act. | Extension and Opposite Side Rotation
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| Multifidus Inn. | Dorsal Rami
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| Rotatores Prox. | Transverse Processes
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| Rotatores Dist. | All Spinous Processes
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| Rotatores Act. | Extension and Opposite Side Rotation
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| Rotatores Inn. | Dorsal Rami
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| RCP Major Prox. | Spine of Axis
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| RCP Major Dist. | Lateral inferior nuchal line
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| RCP Major Act. | Extension of Head and Same Side Rotation
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| RCP Major Inn. | C1 Dorsal Ramus
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| RCP Minor Prox. | Posterior Aspect of Atlas
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| RCP Minor Dist. | Medial Inferior Nuchal Line
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| RCP Minor Act. | Head Extension
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| RCP Minor Inn. | C1 Dorsal Ramus
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| Oblique Capitis Inferior Prox. | Spine of Atlas
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| Oblique Capitis Inferior Dist. | Transverse Process of Atlas
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| Oblique Capitis Inferior Act. | Same Side Head Rotation
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| Oblique Capitis Superior Prox. | Transverse Process of Atlas
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| Oblique Capitis Superior Dist. | Occiput btwn. Superior/Inferior Nuchal Line
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| Oblique Capitis Superior Act. | Extension and Side Bending of Head
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