Nervous Tissue II_Chp 12
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| Propagation of Action Potential | show 🗑
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| Deploration Na+ | show 🗑
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| show | self propagated along membrane; can be progagated via continuous or saltatory conduction, depending on myelin
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| Continuous Conduction | show 🗑
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| show | occurs in myelinated axons; deplorization occurs only at nodes of ranvier (where ion channels are); current is carried through ECF and "jumps" from node to node
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| show | ions only have to diffuse at nodes not across the entire membrane; this allows for more rapid conduction of action potentials
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| factors that affect speed of Impulse Conduction | show 🗑
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| Calcium ions | show 🗑
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| show | impulses are transmitted repeatedly (muscle spasms); fetus may take up to much calcium and cause mother to cramp a lot.
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| show | AP's conduct directly between adjacent cells through gap junctions; AP spreads from cell to cell via cytosol
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| show | common in visceral smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and developing embryo; conduction is faster than chemical synapse; allows synchronization-a large number of neurons can produce AP's in unison-coordinated contraction
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| Gap Junctions | show 🗑
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| show | AP is transferred from teh presynaptic ("sending") neuron to the postsynaptic ("receiving") neuron across a synaptic cleft
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| Chemical synapse 2 | show 🗑
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| show | if the neurotransmitter causes opening of Na+ channels; Na+ diffuses in - membrane depolarizes; if enough Na+ channels open to reach threshold nerve impulse will be generated
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| Inhibitory (effects of neurotransmitters) | show 🗑
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| show | each neuron in brain and spinal cord may receive neurotransmitters from hundreds of nerve fibers; some neurotransmitters may be excitatory or inhibitory; sum of excitatory+inhibitory messages determines whether AP will be generated in postsynaptic neuron
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| Removal of Neurotransmitter | show 🗑
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| Diffusion (Removal of Neurotransmitter) | show 🗑
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| show | enzyme from postsynaptic neuron breaks down NT after AP has been generated; Acetycholine & acetylcholinesterase; epinephrine and monoamine oxidase
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| show | NT may be actively transported into neighboring neuroglial cells (uptake) or into presynaptic neuron (re-uptake)
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| show | re-uptake of blocks dopamine (produces continued stimulation pleasure
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| show | keeps deficient serotonin in cleft as long as possible (elevates mood, relieves depression)
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| drug effects on re-uptake (MAO-monamine oxidase inhibitors) | show 🗑
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| Acetylcholine (ACh) (representative neurotransmitters) | show 🗑
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| Amino Acid (representative neurotransmitters) | show 🗑
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| show | Glycine is inhibitory NT for other 1/2;
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| show | enhances binding GABA=increasing inhibition=decreases anxiety
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| Huntington's disease | show 🗑
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| show | blocks glycine receptors on skeletal muscles=no inhibition of excessive contraction=can't relax muscles, including diaphragm=can't breathe
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| Norepinephrine (representative neurotransmitters) | show 🗑
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| Dopamine (representative neurotransmitters) | show 🗑
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| Serotonin (representative neurotransmitters) | show 🗑
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| Endorphins and enkephalins (representative neurotransmitters) | show 🗑
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| show | when released in sensory nerves, transmits pain related info to CNS; endorphins and enkephalins suppress release; 200x stronger than morphine
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| chemical synapse (AP process step 1) | show 🗑
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| show | calcium ions in ECF diffuse into the presynaptic neuron
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| show | calcium ions trigger exoctosis of vesicles containing neurotransmitters (NT)
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| show | NT is released into the synaptic cleft and diffuses across to the postsynaptic neuron; receptors in the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron bind NT
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| chemical synapse (AP process step 5) | show 🗑
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| chemical synapse (AP process step 6-7) | show 🗑
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