Anatomy of Heart
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| show | contains pericardium, heart, origins of the great vessels, various nerves and smaller vessels and begins at the angle of Louis (T4/5) and ends between T9 vertebra
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| What are the layers of the pericardium? | show 🗑
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| show | parietal-somatopleuric mesoderm, visceral-splanchnopleuric mesoderm
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| show | fusion of the pleuropericardial folds/membrane
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| show | it's base is attached to the central tendon of the diaphragm and muscular area of the left side of the diaphragm. Anteriorly it is attached to the posterior surface of sternum by sternopericardial ligaments
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| What innervates the fibrous pericardium? | show 🗑
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| show | pericardiacophrenic vessels
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| What arteries supply the pericardium? | show 🗑
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| show | azygos system and internal thoracic and superior phrenic veins.
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| Describe the location of the transverse pericardial sinus. | show 🗑
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| show | space between the posterior surface of heart and percardium overlying anterior aspect of oesophagus (surrounded by pulmonary veins)
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| Describe pericarditis | show 🗑
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| show | fluid accumulation between the visceral and parietal layers of serous pericardium.
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| Describe cardiac tamponade | show 🗑
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| show | left ventricle and small portion of the right. faces inferiorly. rests on the diaphragm
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| show | left atrium, right atrium, proximal parts of the great veins.
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| show | right ventricle and some right atrium and some of the left ventricle
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| show | pericardium and heart are exposed through a defect in the chest wall due to a failure of lateral walls to fuse in week 4
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| Describe dextrocardia | show 🗑
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| The heart is displaced to the right and its vessles are reveresed, left to right. This is due to | show 🗑
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| show | dextrocardia with situs inversus
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| show | septum primum and the septum secundum
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| During development of the interatrial septum, following growth of the septum primium it fuses with the | show 🗑
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| During development of the interatrial septum, the rupture of the upper part of the septum primum forms the | show 🗑
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| show | ostium primum
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| During development of the interatrial septum, on the right side of the septum primum what appears in the roof of the common atrium? | show 🗑
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| During development of the interatrial septum, which septum is rigid and which is movable? | show 🗑
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| show | foramen ovale
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| During development of the interatrial septum, what is the high pressure atrium? | show 🗑
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| What causes the closure of the foramen oval? | show 🗑
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| The anatomical closure of the foramen ovale? | show 🗑
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| The functional closure of the foramen ovale? | show 🗑
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| show | annulus fossa ovalis
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| show | fossa ovalis
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| show | this is an atrial septal defect due to incomplete adhesion between the septum primum and the septum secundum
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| show | Ostium secundum type:due to a short septum secundum or excessive resorption of septum primum
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| show | patent foramen ovale due to failure of fusion between septum primum and secundum
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| show | Ectopia cordis caused by faulty development of the sternum and pericardium secondary to incomplete fusion of the lateral folds in the formation fo the throacic wall
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| Patient with down syndrome has a patent ostium primum and a cleft in the anterior cusp of the mitral valve. What is thiPas called and why does it happen? | show 🗑
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| Patient has an absent ineratrial septum. What is this called and why does it happen? | show 🗑
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| Defective absorption of sinus venosus into right atrium is what kind of ASD? | show 🗑
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| show | mitral/bicuspid valve
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| The septum of the ventricles have two parts. They are the | show 🗑
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| Most common CHD is caused by and called | show 🗑
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| show | four pulmonary veins
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| show | papillary muscles pulling on chordae tendineae
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| show | superior and inferior vena cavae
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| Blood from the walls of the heart return to the heart through the | show 🗑
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| show | right atrium and ventricle
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| show | shallow verticle groove which extends from the right side of the opening of the superior vena cava to the right side of the opening of the inferior vena cava
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| Internally the right atria is divided by the | show 🗑
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| show | semilunar valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
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| The semilunar valves have how many cusps? | show 🗑
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| show | mitral valve/bicuspid
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| What occurs during systole? | show 🗑
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| What occurs during diastole? | show 🗑
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| show | tricuspid: right 5 rib/sternum mitral:right fourth intercostal, aortic: medial to the pulmonary on the left 3rd intercostal
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| show | left/right of the lower part of the sternum near the fifth intercostal space
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| Where on the body do you listen for the mitral valve? | show 🗑
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| show | medial end of the left second intercostal space
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| show | medial end of the right second intercostal space
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| show | pulmonary stenosis: narrow pulmonary trunk, right ventricular hypertrophy, interventricular septal defect, overriding aorta:asymmetrical partitioning of truncus arteriosus, cyanosis due to right to left shunt
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| The right coronary artery splits into | show 🗑
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| show | left anterior descending artery, circumflex branch (which has a marginal branch)
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| show | anterior cardiac vein, great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein and small cardiac vein.
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| Where is the the anterior cardiac veins? | show 🗑
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| show | lower anterior section of coronary sulcus between right atrium and ventricle
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| show | right coronary artery. Begins with marginal artery of right coronary
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| Which artery and vein are in the anterior interventricular sulcus? | show 🗑
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| show | posterior cardiac vein
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| show | posterior interventricular artery of the right coronary (PDA)
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| Which artery does the right marginal vein follow? | show 🗑
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| show | long tube is inserted into the femoral artery in the thigh through aorta to coronary. A wire is used to cross stenosis and ballon open up artery.
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| Describe coronary bypass graft | show 🗑
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| Describe the pathway of the cardiac conduction system | show 🗑
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| What roots give rise to the sympathetics of the heart? | show 🗑
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| What roots give rise to the parasympathetics of the heart? | show 🗑
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| The cardiac plexus has which fibers? | show 🗑
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| show | increase heart rate and dilate vessels
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| Function of parasymp in heart? | show 🗑
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| Location of superficial cardiac plexus? | show 🗑
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| Location of deep cardiac plexus? | show 🗑
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| Branches of the vagus nerve that supply the deep cardiac plexus | show 🗑
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| show | superior cervical (right), middle cervical (L&R), inferior cervical (L&R), T1-5 (L&R)
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| show | mesenchymal cells that differentiate into endothelial cell precursors called angioblasts
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| What are the blood forming cells? | show 🗑
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| What gives rise to blood cells? | show 🗑
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| The extraembryonic splanchic mesoderm gives rise to which part of the CV system? | show 🗑
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| Where does blood form? | show 🗑
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| Early heart tissue induced by | show 🗑
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| Mesoderm splits into what parts of the heart? | show 🗑
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| show | pericardial cavity
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| 180 degree rotation of the anterior embryo places the heart? | show 🗑
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| show | vesicles in the pre-cardiac splanchnic mesoderm
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| How does the heart tube form? | show 🗑
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| What does the endocardial lining become after formation of the tubular heart? | show 🗑
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| show | splanchnic mesoderm.
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| show | thin endocardial tube separated by and thick muscular myocardium primordium by cardiac jelly.
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| show | bulbus cordis, ventricle, atrium, sinus venosus.
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| show | Bulbus cordis and ventricle grow faster than the atrium and sinus venosus
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| What does the sinus venosus give rise to? | show 🗑
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| show | conus arteriosus of right ventricle and aortic vestibule of left ventricle
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| show | pulmonary trunk and aorta
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| Path of blood into primordial heart | show 🗑
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| What separates the atria and ventricles? | show 🗑
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| show | neural crest
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| Describe the partitioning of the sinus venosus | show 🗑
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| How do the pulmonary veins develop? | show 🗑
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| Describe the closing of the ventricular septum | show 🗑
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| show | bulbar and truncal ridges form and undergo spiraling and formation of aorticopulmonary septum when ridges fuse, division of aorta and pulmonary trunk
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| show | very little flow, lung non-functional, right to left passages through foramen oval and ductus arteriosus
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| What changes in the heart occur at birth? | show 🗑
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| show | failure of the ductus arteriosus to involute and form ligmentum arteriosum. Blood from aorta going to pulmonary artery. Acyanotic CHD. Potentially caused by mommy with rubella during late pregnancy or premature baby or baby born at high altitude.
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| Baby with turners syndrome and upper limb extension is most subseptible to what condition? | show 🗑
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| show | transposition of great vessels
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| What is truncus arteriosus and what kind of CHD is it? | show 🗑
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