Heart, veins
Help!
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| show | Depol authorythmic cells, spreads to non-autorythmic & opens
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| show | Bloodflow-volume of BF through vessel at any given time
BP-Force per unit area excerpted on a vessel wall.
Resistance- opposition to BF
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| show | -Ventricular Filling- relaxed
Atrial contraction- area of increased pressure
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| show | Change in heart wall; dialated cardiomyopathy- stretches out, bldy sitting around
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| show | -35(arteriole end)-15(venous end)
-capillaries will burst and push nutrients out
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| Factors that affect resistance? | show 🗑
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| + inotropic factor | show 🗑
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| ABC of heart health | show 🗑
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| show | From arterial to venous
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| Other heart rate modifiers | show 🗑
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| Areas of few or no capillaries | show 🗑
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| show | Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
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| Anastomoses are poorly developed in? | show 🗑
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| show | Mm contaction in heart by Ca2+
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| Fenestrated found in? More permeable to? | show 🗑
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| Tunica Media | show 🗑
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| show | Most common
Don't stretch/ tissues die off
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| Mitochondria create? | show 🗑
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| show | Abnormal HR
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| Arteries do what? | show 🗑
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| show | -Tunica Intima
-Pericytes- help support wall
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| Characteristics of capillaries | show 🗑
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| show | L & R sided heart failure
Systolic heart failure-stretches out; contractility problems
Diastolic heart failure-common in old women
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| show | -3 tunics
-thinner wall, large lumen than arteries, decrease resistance of bld flow
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| show | Inflamation of the heart; viruses cause L ventricle to fail
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| Factors that affect EDV and ESV | show 🗑
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| True Capillaries | show 🗑
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| show | Joints
abdominal organs
brain
heart
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| show | slow and intermittent
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| show | largest arteries in heart, closer to the heart, do not vasodialate or vasoconstrict
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| show | B arteries and veins
Only bld vessel type with diffusion of O2 and nutrients
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| show | Bone marrow
Leaky capillaries with large clefts and pores, large molecules and blood cells can pass through
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| show | Venule
Veins
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| Muscular arteris | show 🗑
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| 3 types of capillares | show 🗑
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| show | Isovolumetric contraction
Ventricular ejection
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| FAulty heart valves | show 🗑
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| show | Heart beats on its own, ANS can modify HR and force of contraction
-Sympathetic-Neurotransmitter Norapanephrin
-Parasympathetic-Neurotransmitter acetacholamine
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| Cardiac mm contraction- autorythmic cells | show 🗑
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| show | large lumens
One-way valves
Resperatiory "pump"
Skeletal "pump"
constriction of tunica media
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| show | Lets cells know it is time to contract, contraction travels from cell to cell
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| show | systole- time contraction of ventricles
diastole- time relaxation of ventricles
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| Tunics of bld vessel walls? | show 🗑
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| Circulation formula | show 🗑
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| show | Endothelium
Subendothelium
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| show | SV=EDV-ESV
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| Veins do what? | show 🗑
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| Heart rate modifier:age | show 🗑
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| show | Afterload problem, increase force on L ventricle, diastole heart failure
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| show | Aging
sex
genetics
obesity
standing or sitting still for long periods of time
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| Tunica Externa | show 🗑
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| show | Arrythmias
Congenital heart failure
Cardiomyopathy
Faulty heart valves
Heart attack
Hypertension
Myocarditis
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| Means of stimulation, generates signal how? | show 🗑
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| show | Fatigue-lack of O2
Fast HR
Leg swelling
SOB
stretching/ thickening of myocardium
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| What affects CO? | show 🗑
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| show | Muscular, elastic, arterioles
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| show | Smallest arteries, feed into walls to supply nutrients
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| show | Hormones-Thyroxine, epinephrine
Ions-Calcium, Potassium
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| show | CO=HRxSV, amt of bld pumped through L vent in 1 min
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| show | Increase in newborns, heart is overworked
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| show | Regulate BP by altering R to BF
-Norepinephrine and epinephrine- released in response to stress and nicotine, both cause vasoconstriction
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| Atrial natrueretic peptide releaseed in response to? cause bld volume to? | show 🗑
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| show | Produced by hypothalamus when bp is low
cause kidneys to conserve H2O
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| Organ vs. Motor Unit singal what | show 🗑
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| show | Does not pulsate, lumen get large as pressure decreases
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| Angiotensin 2, kidneys release? | show 🗑
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| show | Lipid soluble substances diffuse through lipid bilayer
H2O soluble pass through fluid-filled intercellular clefts
fenestrations
large molecules are actively transported by pinocytotic vesicles or cabeolae
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| Myogenic controls of autoregulation | show 🗑
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| show | At base of true capillares
So blood can move from arteries to veins, into capellaries
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| show | Amt to which heart mm is stretched before contraction
-Venous Return- bld returning to heart increase force of contraction
increase VR=increase EDV=increase CO
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| show | Microcirculation- flows of bld through a capillary bed
Vascular shunt
True capillaries
Precapillary sphincters
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| show | Intercalated disks
Mitochondria
Calcium delivery
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| show | Independent of hormones
Increase in bld volume or pressure lead to increase in kidney filtration(vice versa)
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| show | Force that needs to be generated in ventricle to open SL valves and eject bld into aorta
- Hypertension- increase pressure, vent. has to work hard to contract
increase ESV=increase AL= decrease CO
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| Continious | show 🗑
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| What factors affect contractility? | show 🗑
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| show | means of stimulation
organ vs. motor unit
length of absolute refractory period
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| show | Acidosis( excess H+)
Ca2+ channel blockers
Rising extracellular K+ levels
decrease contractility, decrease force of heart
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| show | Multiple capalaries drop O2 bld here
-smallest veins
-endothelium with a few pericytes & maybe some smooth mm cells
-porous
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| Indirect renal mechanism; kidneys release what? | show 🗑
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| show | Anaphylaxis
Blood loss
Cardiac problems
Dehydration
Endocrine problems
Medications
Postural(orthostatics)
Pregnancy
Septic shock
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| Hypertenstion; 3 categories of hypertension? | show 🗑
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| show | Short Term
-CO
-Resistance
Long term
-Bld volume
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| show | Neural controls; maintain BP by altering resistance to BF
-Baroreceptrors-stretch receptors
-Chemoreceptors-detect chemicals in bld
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| show | Respond to stretch in arteries caused by increased BP. cause vasodialation/restriction when stretched.
Located in walls of:
Carotid sinuses
--CArotid sinus reflex
aortic arch
most large arteries in neck & thorax
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| show | Respond to decrease in O2&bld ph, as well as increase in CO2
Increased CO
Vasoconstriction
Increased - decreased CO2 and increased O2
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| Early Diastole | show 🗑
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| Hypertenstion; Primary identifiable or unidentifiable? | show 🗑
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| show | Indentifiable, underlying conditions
10% have it, atherosclerosis, hyperthyroid
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| Tissue perfusion is necessary for? | show 🗑
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| show | Automatic adjustment of BF to each tissue in proportion to needs.
Done by: metabolically- increase tissue perfussion
Myogencially- autoregulation in smooth mm
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| show | mm
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| show | origin
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| show | decrease in O2 and nutrient levels
increase in K+, H+, adenosine, lactic acid, prostaglandius
increase in inflammatory chemicals
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