Muscles and movements
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| Triceps brachii | Infraglenoid tubercle (long); proximal posterolateral humerus (lateral); distal posteromedial humerus (medial) | Olecranon process of ulna (common tendon) | Shoulder extension; elbow extension | show | Primary elbow extensor
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| Anconeus | Lateral epicondyle of humerus | show | Extension | Elbow (posterior) | Synergist (not a great mechanical advantage); fan-shape/broad attachment at ulna
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| Pronator teres | Medial epicondyle of humerus (humeral); coronoid process of ulna (ulnar) | Middle lateral radius | Pronation; assists with elbow flexion | Forearm (anterior, superficial) | show 🗑
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| Palmaris Longus | show | Palmar aponeurosis | Assists with wrist flexion | Forearm (anterior, superficial) | Absent in ~25%; runs superior to carpal tunnel; animals have to expose claws
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| show | Medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon) | Base of 2nd metacarpal; base of 3rd metacarpal | Wrist flexion, radial deviation | Forearm (anterior, superficial) | Palpate during wrist and MCP/IP flexion; lateral to palmaris longus
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| Flexor carpi ulnaris | Medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon); proximal posterior elna | Pisiform, hook of hamate, base of 5th metacarpal | Wrist flexion, ulnar deviation | Forearm (anterior, superficial) | show 🗑
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| Flexor digitorum superficialis | Medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon), ulna, radius, interosseous membrane | Middle phalanx of 4 fingers (splits) | show | Forearm (anterior, deep) | Each insertion splits at proximal phalanx and attaches to sides to create opening that allows flexor digitorum profundus to go through to attach to distal phalanx
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| Flexor digitorum profundus | show | Distal phalanx of fingers 2-5 | Flexion of DIP joints; assists in flexion of PIP and MCP joints; assists with wrist flexion | Forearm (anterior, deep) | Palpate proximal-anterior forearm during IP flexion; directly under flexor digitorum superficialis
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| Flexor pollicis longus | Middle anterior radius, interosseous membrane | Distal phalanx of thumb | Flexion of thumb IP and MCP joint | show | Long muscle that flexes thumb (pollyx); runs through flexor retinaculum
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| Pronator quadratus | Distal anterior ulna | show | Pronation (principal) | Forearm (deepest anterior) | Only muscle that only attaches to radius and ulna
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| External carpi radialis longus/brevis | Lateral supracondylar ridge (lower 1/3) (longus); lateral epicondyle of humerus (brevis) | show | Wrist extension/hyperextension; radial deviation | Forearm (posterior, superficial) | External carpi radialis longus originates just distally to brachioradialis; both insert directly opposite flexor carpi radialis
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| Extensor digitorum | Lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon) | Middle and distal phalanges of fingers 2-5 | Extends fingers | show | Pop out during wrist/finger extension
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| Extensor digiti minimi | Lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon) | Middle and distal phalanges of little finger (5) | Extension of all joints of pinky | Forearm (posterior, superficial) | show 🗑
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| Extensor carpi ulnaris | show | Base of 5th metacarpal | Wrist extension; ulnar deviation | Forearm (posterior, superficial) | Inserts directly opposite flexor carpi ulnaris; distal tendon runs through groove between ulnar head and styloid
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| Supinator | show | Anterolateral proximal radius | Supination | Forearm (posterior, deep) | Wraps around radius
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| Abductor pollicis longus | Posterior radius and ulna, interosseous membrane | Base of 1st metacarpal | show | Forearm (posterior, deep) | Forms anatomical snuffbox (lateral/radial), more superior
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| Extensor pollicis brevis | Posterior radius, interosseous membrane | Proximal phalanx of thumb (directly beneath abductor pollicis longus) | Extension of 1st MCP joint | show | Forms anatomical snuffbox (lateral/radial)
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| Extensor pollicis longus | Posterior ulna, interosseous membrane | show | Thumb extension | Forearm (posterior, deep) | Forms anatomical snuffbox (medial/ulnar)
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| Extensor indicis | Posterior ulna, interosseous membrane | Extensor expansion of "index" finger (connective tissue to all 3 phalanges) | show | Forearm (posterior, deep) |
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| Biceps brachii | Scapula | Radial tuberosity | Shoulder flexion; elbow flexion; radioulnar supination | show | Most powerful supinator; no attachment at humerus
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| Brachilais | Distal anterior humerus (coracobrachialis insertion) | Ulnar tuberosity | Elbow flexion | Elbow (anterior) | show 🗑
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| show | Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus (proximal 2/3) | Radial styloid (long tendon) | Elbow flexion | Elbow (anterior) | Palpate during resisted flexion; no significant action at elbow; stabilize elbow during rapid midrange flexion
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