CHP8 Skeletal; Hyoid, Vertebrae, & Thoracic Bones and Their Markings
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| show | U-shaped bone in the neck between the mandible and upper part of the larynx; distinction as the only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bone; suspended by ligaments from the styloid processes of the temporal bones
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| Vertebral Column | show 🗑
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| show | Anterior part of each vertebra (except the first two cervical) consists of the body; posterior part of the vertebrae consists of the neutral arch, which in turn consists of two pedicles, two laminae, and seven processes projecting from the laminae
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| Body | show 🗑
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| Pedicles | show 🗑
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| Lamina | show 🗑
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| show | Formed by the pedicles and laminae; protects the spinal cord posteriorly; congenital absence of one or more neural arches is known as spina bifida (the cord may protrude right through the skin)
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| Spinous process | show 🗑
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| show | Right and left lateral projections from laminae
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| show | Project upward from laminae; have smooth superior articular facets
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| inferior articulating processes | show 🗑
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| show | hole in the center of the vertebra formed by union of the body, pedicles, and laminae; spinal foramina, when vertebrae are superimposed on one another, form the spinal cavity that houses the spinal cord
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| Intervertebral foramina | show 🗑
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| Cervical Vertebrae | show 🗑
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| show | 1st cervical vertebrae; lacks body & spinous process; superior articulating processes are concave ovals that act as rockerlike cradles for condyles of occipital bone; named atlas because it supports the head as Atlas supported the world in Greek mythology
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| Axis (epistropheus) | show 🗑
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| show | 12 pairs of ribs attached to vertebrae; stronger, w/ more massive bodies than cervical vertebrae; no transverse foramina; 2 sets facets for artiulations w/ the corresponding rib; 1 on body, 2nd on transverse process; upper T have long spinous process
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| show | Strong, massive; superior articulating processes directed medially instead of upward; inferior articulating processes, laterally instead of downward; short, blunt spinous processes
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| Sacrum | show 🗑
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| Sacral promontory | show 🗑
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| show | four or five separate vertebrae in a child but fused into one as an adult
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| Curves | show 🗑
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| show | Column curves at birth from the head to the sacrum with the convexity posteriorly; after the child stands, the convexity persists only in the thoracic and sacral regions, which are therefore called primary curves
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| Secondary curves (Cervical curve & Lumbar curve) | show 🗑
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| Sternum | show 🗑
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| show | Main central part of bone
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| show | Flaring upper part
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| Xiphoid process (re: sternum) | show 🗑
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| show | Upper seven pairs; fasten to the sternum by costal cartilages
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| False ribs | show 🗑
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| show | The last two pairs of false ribs that do not attach to the sternum at all
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| show | projection at the posterior end of a rib; articulates with the corresponding thoracic vertebrae & one above, except the last three pairs, which join the corresponding vertebrae only
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| show | Constricted portion just below the head
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| Tubercle (re: ribs) | show 🗑
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| Body or shaft (re: ribs) | show 🗑
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| show | Cartilage at the sternal end of true ribs; attaches ribs (except floating ribs) to the sternum
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