The Skeletal System - The Axil Skeleton
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| show | Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
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| Where are long bones found? | show 🗑
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| show | Compact Bone Tissue
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| What are examples of short bones? | show 🗑
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| What are short bones made of? | show 🗑
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| show | Plates of compact enclosing spongy, include the cranial bones that protect the brain, sternum and ribs that protect thorax, and the scapula.
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| Irregular Bones | show 🗑
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| show | Sesmoid bones develop in tendons or ligaments.
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| show | -protects tendons from excessive wear and tear - change the direction of pull of a tendon, which improves the mechanical advantage at a joint
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| show | An immovable fibrous joint that joins the skull bones
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| What are the two major types of surface markings? | show 🗑
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| BONE SURFACE MARKINGS Depression & Openings | show 🗑
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| BONE SURFACE MARKINGS Processes, projections and outgrowths | show 🗑
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| How many bones are in the cranium? | show 🗑
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| Name the 8 cranial bones | show 🗑
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| Name the 14 facial bones | show 🗑
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| What are the functions of the cranial bones? | show 🗑
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| What are the functions of the facial bones? | show 🗑
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| How many bones are in the axil skeleton? | show 🗑
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| show | -126 bones -upper & lower limbs, pelvic & pectoral girdles
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| show | Opening; through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass
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| show | Shallow depression
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| show | Grove; furrow along a bone surface that accomondates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon
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| Meatus | show 🗑
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| show | Large, round protuberance at the end of a bone
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| Facet | show 🗑
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| Trochanter | show 🗑
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| show | Large, rounded, roughened projection
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| Metopic Suture | show 🗑
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| Where are the parietal bones located? | show 🗑
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| show | -the internal surfaces contain protrussions & depressions that accomodae the blood vessels; supplying the dura matter, the superficial connective tissue covering the brain
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| show | Forms the inferior lateral aspects of the cranium and part of the cranial floor
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| show | 1- Temporal Squama 2- Zygomatic Arch 3- Mandibular Fossa 4- External Auditory Meatus 5- Mastoid Proces 6- Internal Auditory Meatus 7- Styloid Process 8- Stylomastoid Foramen 9- Petrous Portion 10- Carotid Foramen 11- Jugular Foramen
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| show | It is the thin, flat part of the temporal bone that forms the anterior and superior part of the temple
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| show | It is part of the temporal bones; Projectes from the inferior portion of the temporal squama and articulates (forms a joint) with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch
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| show | It is part of the temporal bones; it articulates with the mandible to form the TMJ (temporomandibular joint).
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| show | The temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
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| What cranial bone is the mastoid portion part of and where is it located? | show 🗑
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| What cranial bone is the external auditory meatus part of and where is it located? | show 🗑
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| What are mastoid air cells? | show 🗑
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| What is mastoiditis? | show 🗑
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| What cranial bone is the mastoid process part of and where is it located? | show 🗑
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| show | Is an opening through the petrous portion of the temporal bone through which the facial (VII)nerve & vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve pass
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| What cranial bone is the styloid process part of and where is it located? | show 🗑
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| show | It is part of the temporal bone and located between the styloid process and the mastiod process; through which the facial (VII) nerve and stylomastiod artery pass
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| What cranial bone is the petrous portion part od and where is it located? | show 🗑
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| What cranial bone is the carotid foramen part of and where is it located? | show 🗑
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| show | It is part of the temporal bone and is located in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, posterior to the carotid foramen and anterior to the occipital bone; a passage way for the jugular vein
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| The occipital bone is located where? | show 🗑
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| The foramen magnum | show 🗑
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| show | The medulla oblongata (inferior part of the brain) connects with the spinal cord within this foramen, and the vertebral and spinal arteries also pass through it
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| Where are the occipital condyles located? | show 🗑
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| show | The atlanto-occipital joint, which allows you to nod your head “yes"
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| show | Superior to each occipital condyle on the inferior surface of the skull
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| Where is the external occipital protuberance located? | show 🗑
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| show | The ligamentum nuchae
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| Extending laterally from the protuberance are two curved ridges, that are areas of muscle attachment. What are they? | show 🗑
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| This lies at the middle part of the base of the skull and is the keystone of the cranial floor because it articulates with all the other cranial bones, holding them together | show 🗑
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| The body of the sphenoid bone is located where? | show 🗑
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| show | It is located in the space inside the body of the sphenoid bone; which drains into the nasal cavity
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| A bony saddle-shaped structure on the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid is called? | show 🗑
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| The anterior part of the sella turcica, which forms the horn of the saddle, is a ridge called what? | show 🗑
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| The seat of the saddle is a depression, called the hypophyseal fossa, what gland is located there? | show 🗑
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| show | The dorsum sellae
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| The greater and lesser wings, optic foramen,superior orbital fissures, foramen ovale, foramen rotundum, foramen spinosum,and pterygoid processess are all found on what fascial bone? | show 🗑
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| show | Some of the muscles that move the mandible (or as our notes say; jaw muscles)
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| What bone is spongelike in appearance and is located on the midline in the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to the orbits? | show 🗑
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| The ethmoid bone is a major superior supporting structure of what cavity? | show 🗑
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| What part of the ethmoid bone forms the superior part of the nasal septum? The medial walls of the orbits? | show 🗑
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| What part of the ethmoid bone lies in the anterior floor of the cranium and forms the roof of the nasal cavity? | show 🗑
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| What plate contains the olfactory foramina through which the olfactory nerves pass? | show 🗑
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| What projects superiorly from the cribriform plate, is a triangular process,and serves as a point of attachment for the membranes that separate the two sides of the brain? | show 🗑
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| show | The perpendicular plate
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| The lateral masses of the ethmoid bone compose most of the wall between the nasal cavity and the what? | show 🗑
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| 3 to 18 air spaces called ethmoidal cells are contained in the lateral massaes of the ethmoid bone, together these cells form what? | show 🗑
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| The lateral masses contain two thin, scroll-shaped projections lateral to the nasal septum. These are called what? | show 🗑
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| The conchae greatly increase the vascular and mucous membrane surface area in the nasal cavity; what does this do? | show 🗑
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| The conchae also cause inhaled air to swirl, and the result is that many inhaled particles become trapped in the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. This action of the conchae helps do what? | show 🗑
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| Why does the superior nasal conchae increase the surface area for the sense of smell? | show 🗑
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| What paired bones meet at the midline? | show 🗑
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| What facial bone articulates with every bone of the face except the mandible? | show 🗑
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| Maxillary sinus, alveolar process, palatine process, infraoribital foramen, incisive foramen, and inferior orbital fissure are structures associated with what facial bone? | show 🗑
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| The union and fusion of the maxillary bones normally is completed before birth. If this fusion fails, this condition is referred to as? | show 🗑
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| show | The zygomatic bones
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| They are thin, roughly resemble a fingernail in size and shape, and arethe smallest bones of the face? | show 🗑
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| A structure that gathers tears and passes them into the nasal cavity | show 🗑
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| show | The palatine bones
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| show | Inferior nasal conchae
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| What conchae is involved in the sense of smell? | show 🗑
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| A roughly triangular bone that forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum | show 🗑
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| What is the largest, strongest facial bone and is the only movable skull bone? | show 🗑
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| What is the distinctive functional feature of the mandible among all the skull bones? | show 🗑
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| show | The mandible
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| show | The temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
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| A vertical partition composed of bone (perpendicular plate of ethmoid GLOSSARYand vomer) and cartilage, covered with a mucous membrane, separating the nasal cavity into left and right sides | show 🗑
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| What are the three components of the nasal septum? | show 🗑
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| show | A broken nose
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| show | The three cranial bones of the orbit are the frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid; the four facial bones are the palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, and maxilla
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| show | The roof
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| show | The lateral walls
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| show | The floor
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| show | The medial walls
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| show | Sutures, paranasal sinuses, and fontanels
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| Suture | show 🗑
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| show | (1) coronal suture; (2)sagittal suture; (3) lambdoid suture; (4) Squamous sutures
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| A mucus-lined air cavity in a skull bone that communicates with the nasal cavity. | show 🗑
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| show | In the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
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| show | The paranasal sinuses produce mucus and serve as resonating chambers for vocalization
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| show | Fontanels
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| What are the functions of frontanels? | show 🗑
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| show | The anterolateral fontanel is bordered by four different skull bones, the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid.
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| show | The hyoid bone
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| show | The hyoid bone
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| What functions as a strong, flexible rod with elements that can move forward, backward, and sideways, and rotate? | show 🗑
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| show | It supports the head, and serves as a point of attachment for the ribs, pelvic girdle, and muscles of the back and upper limbs
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| Which curves of the adult vertebral column are concave (relative to the anterior side of the body)? | show 🗑
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| Why are the curves of the vertebral column important? | show 🗑
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| What is the normal curvature of the cervical and lumbar region? | show 🗑
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| What is the normal curvature of the thoracic and sacral region? | show 🗑
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| show | The thoracic and sacral regions
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| They begin to form later, several months after birth and are called secondary curves, what region are they referring to? | show 🗑
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| show | Intervertebral dics
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| show | An outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage
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| Nucleus pulposus | show 🗑
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| show | The discs form strong joints, permit various movements of the vertebral column, and absorb vertical shock
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| What is the weight-bearing part of a vertebra called? | show 🗑
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| show | The vertebral foramina enclose the spinal cord; the intervertebral foramina provide spaces through which spinal nerves exit the vertebral column.
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| show | The vertebral (spinal) canal
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| show | The atlas moving on the axis permits movement of the head to signify “no"
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| show | The facets and demifacets on the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the heads of the ribs, and the facets on the transverse processes of these vertebrae articulate with the tubercles of the ribs
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| Why are the lumbar vertebrae the largest and strongest in the vertebral column? | show 🗑
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| How many foramina pierce the sacrum, and what is their function? | show 🗑
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| Vertebrae typically consist of what sructures? | show 🗑
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| show | The body of the sternum articulates directly or indirectly with ribs 2–10
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| What are the functions of the thorax? | show 🗑
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| Two short, thick processes, the pedicles, project posteriorly from the vertebral body to unite with the flat laminae to form the what? | show 🗑
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| show | The vertebral foramen
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| The vertebral foramen contains what? | show 🗑
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| The pedicles exhibit superior and inferior indentations called what? | show 🗑
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| show | In intervertebral foramen
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| show | A single spinal nerve; that passes to a specific region of the body
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| What three processes serve as points of attachment for muscles? | show 🗑
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| show | They house the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord
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| show | Spinous Processes C2 through C6
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| show | The first cervical vertebra inferior to the skull; the atlas is a ring of bone with anterior and posterior arches and large lateral masses
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| show | The axis
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| show | The dens or odontoid process
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| show | The atlanto-axial joint
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| The typical cervical vertebra are considered what? | show 🗑
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| show | The seventh cervical vertebra (C7), called the vertebra prominens
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| The thoracic vertebrae are found in the chest region and articulate with what? | show 🗑
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| The largest and strongest of the unfused bones in the vertebral column are? | show 🗑
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| Why are the lumbar vertebrae the largest and strongest in the vertebral column? | show 🗑
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| show | There are four pairs of sacral foramina, for a total of eight. Each anterior sacral foramen joins a posterior sacral foramen at the intervertebral foramen. Nerves and blood vessels pass through these tunnels in the bone.
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| In females, the coccyx points inferiorly, why? | show 🗑
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| The 1st through 7 pairs of ribs that have costal cartilages and attach directly to the sternum are called what? | show 🗑
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| There are 5 pairs of ribs that their costal cartilages either attach indirectly to the sternum or do not attach to the sternum at all, what are the called? | show 🗑
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| show | Floating (vertebral) ribs; because the costal cartilage at their anterior ends does not attach to the sternum at all
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| What is the most common chest injuries that usually result from direct blows, most often from impact with a steering wheel, falls, or crushing injuries to the chest? | show 🗑
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