Urinary, acid-base balance,endocrine
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| show | kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
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| show | retroperitoneal
superior lumbar region
against posterior wall of abdominal cavity
on both sides of the vertebral column
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| encasing of kidneys | show 🗑
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| function of renal capsule | show 🗑
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| show | cortex and medulla
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| show | medullary pyramids
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| function of minor and major calyces | show 🗑
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| show | concave, medial side of kidney
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| show | exiting of ureters
renal artery and vein entrance/exit
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| kidneys account for what percentage of cardiac output | show 🗑
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| show | 200 liters
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| show | toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions to leave the body in urine
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| kidney functions (6) | show 🗑
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| show | secretion of erythropoietin
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| show | production of renin
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| show | activation of vitamin D
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| nephron | show 🗑
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| components of nephron (2) | show 🗑
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| renal corpuscle | show 🗑
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| renal tubule | show 🗑
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| show | cortical nephrons
juxtamedullary nephrons
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| cortical nephron | show 🗑
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| show | renal corpuscles deep in cortex and loop of Henle extend deep into medulla
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| importance of juxtamedullary nephrons | show 🗑
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| show | afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
interlobular vein
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| afferent arteriole | show 🗑
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| show | anastomosing capillary system
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| site of filtration | show 🗑
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| glomerulus has what kind of capillaries and why | show 🗑
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| show | podocytes
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| show | control size of pore slits
prevent large items from exiting blood
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| efferent arteriole (4) | show 🗑
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| branches of efferent arteriole | show 🗑
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| show | supply renal tubules with blood
receive materials reabsorbed by tubules
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| show | parallel loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons
important for urine concentration mechanism
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| interlobular vein | show 🗑
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| glomerular filtration | show 🗑
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| show | hydrostatic
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| criteria for filtration | show 🗑
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| show | nutrients
wastes
small proteins
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| glomerulonephritis | show 🗑
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| effect of glomerulonephritis | show 🗑
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| function of net filtration pressure (NFP) | show 🗑
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| show | glomerular hydrostatic pressure - glomerular osmotic pressure - capsular hydrostatic pressure
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| what is glomerular filtration rate (GFR) dependent on | show 🗑
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| show | filtration pressure
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| show | increases capsular hydrostatic pressure
decreases GFR
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| tubular reabsorption | show 🗑
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| what happens to most filtrate volume | show 🗑
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| show | proximal convoluted tubules because the epithelia has microvilli to increase surface area
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| show | active transport of reabsorption has limited capacity
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| show | substance is present in urine
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| show | sodium ions actively reabsorbed
negative ions follow sodium by passive transport
water follows by osmosis
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| where do sodium and water retention occur | show 🗑
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| why is reabsorption rate of some mineral hormonally controlled | show 🗑
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| what does PTH control | show 🗑
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| show | 40
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| creatinine (2) | show 🗑
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| tubular secretion | show 🗑
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| show | quick removal of substances from body
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| juxtaglomerular apparatus | show 🗑
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| composition of juxtaglomerular apparatus (2) | show 🗑
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| macula densa | show 🗑
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| show | has mechanoreceptors that monitor BP in afferent arteriole
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| what do juxtaglomerular cells secrete when BP is too low | show 🗑
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| show | activates angiotensin I in the blood
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| what is angiotensin I transformed to in the lungs | show 🗑
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| show | release of aldosterone from adrenal gland
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| what does aldosterone do | show 🗑
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| what concentrates urine to greatest degree | show 🗑
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| what maintains an increasing sodium gradient deep in the medulla | show 🗑
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| show | excess amounts of water to leave kidney via osmosis
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| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | show 🗑
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| what does ADH cause | show 🗑
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| urea (3) | show 🗑
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| show | nitrogenous byproduct of nucleic acid metabolism
majority reabsorbed to be recycled by body
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| gout | show 🗑
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| gout treatment | show 🗑
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| show | sodium
potassium
others
potential bodily deficiency with excess urine production
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| show | tubular organ that conducts urine from kidney to bladder via slow peristaltic waves
squirts into bottom portion of bladder past flap-like valves
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| show | hollow distensible organ that stored urine
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| show | greatly influenced by surrounding organs
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| show | region at base of bladder where ureters enter and urethra exits
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| show | forms internal sphincter around urethra
reflex will not allow relaxation until pressure in bladder reaches a certain level
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| show | process by which urine is expelled from the bladder
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| process of micturition (4) | show 🗑
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| urinary urgency | show 🗑
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| show | skeletal muscle under voluntary control
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| nervous center for contraction of external sphincter | show 🗑
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| nervous center for relaxation of external sphincter | show 🗑
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| show | muscular tube that connects the bladder to external urethral orifice and drains urine
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| show | very short in females
males have prostatic and penile urethra
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| show | easier bladder infection
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| show | urine flow
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| water accounts for what % of body mass, what determines %? | show 🗑
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| show | 75%
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| water % of adults | show 🗑
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| water % of aged | show 🗑
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| more fat= | show 🗑
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| show | within cells
approx. 2/3of body water
abundant potassium, magnesium, phosphate ions
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| extracellular fluids (ECF) (2) | show 🗑
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| show | fluid of blood
contains large amount of albumins
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| albumins | show 🗑
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| interstitial fluid | show 🗑
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| fluid movement between compartments regulated by? | show 🗑
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| show | moves freely
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| solute movement | show 🗑
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| osmosis | show 🗑
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| water balance | show 🗑
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| input sources and % | show 🗑
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| regulation of input | show 🗑
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| show | hypothalamus osmoreceptors sense increased plasma osmolarity or decreased fluid volume
inhibit secretions from salivary glands
sensation of being thirsty
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| show | lungs (moist air is expired with each breath)
skin (sweat)
GI tract (feces)
kidneys (urine)
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| obligatory water loss | show 🗑
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| beyond obligatory loss | show 🗑
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| show | when water loss exceeds water intake
dry skin, thirst, decreased urine output
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| show | when body fluids are excessively diluted
cells become swollen by water entry
most common in babies given water or diluted formula
potentially lethal due to cerebral edema
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| show | abnormal accumulation of water in interstitial space
can impair blood circulation
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| show | salts, acids, and bases
usually refers to only salt balance
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| electrolyte intake via diet | show 🗑
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| show | via sweat, feces, urine
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| show | urine is only source
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| show | central role
most abundant ion in ECF (90-95% of all solutes)
major effector of ECF osmotic pressure
control water volume and distribution among compartments
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| show | K+, Cl-, HCO3- and H+ concentration in ECF
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| renin-angiotensin system regulates: | show 🗑
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| show | renin-angiotensin system
under neural control of sympathetic tone
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| show | increased by aldosterone
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| show | acts as sensors of BP
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| falling arterial pressure | show 🗑
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| rising arterial pressure | show 🗑
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| atrial naturietic peptide (ANP) | show 🗑
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| show | enhance sodium reabsorption
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| regulation of calcium balance | show 🗑
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| show | stimulates removal of calcium from blood
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| PTH | show 🗑
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| acids | show 🗑
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| show | completely disassociate in solution
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| weak acids | show 🗑
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| bases | show 🗑
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| blood pH | show 🗑
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| show | blood pH below 7.35
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| alkalosis | show 🗑
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| show | ingested food (minor source)
breakdown of phosphorus containing proteins (phosphoric acid)
incomplete oxidation of fats (ketones) or glucose (lactic acid)
dissolved carbon dioxide (carbonic acid)
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| mechanisms to regulate blood pH (3) | show 🗑
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| chemical buffering systems | show 🗑
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| show | bicarbonate
proteins
phosphate
ammonia
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| show | acidosis activates respiratory center to increase respiration rate and depth of ventilation
eliminates excess CO2 causing an increase in pH of blood
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| show | major long term control of pH
only source to eliminate metabolic organic acids (except carbonic) from the body
H+ produced via respiration of kidney tubule cells secreted into filtrate
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| renal mechanism exchange system | show 🗑
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| how is urine buffered | show 🗑
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| controlling systems of the body | show 🗑
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| show | rapid control via nerve impulses
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| show | prolonged control via the action of hormones
primarily influences cellular metabolism
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| show | secrete hormones directly into blod stream
systemic delivery to all cells/tissues
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| hormone | show 🗑
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| show | secretes product into a duct for delivery to one location
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| show | pituitary
thyroid
adrenal
pineal
thymus
pancreas
gonads
parathyroid
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| organs that contain isolated cluster of cells with endocrine functions (6) | show 🗑
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| show | has both neural functions and works with pituitary gland
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| steroid hormones | show 🗑
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| show | derivatives of amino acids
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| show | short chains of amino acids
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| show | long chains of amino acids
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| function of hormones | show 🗑
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| target specificity | show 🗑
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| hormone receptors | show 🗑
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| show | steroid diffuses across membrane, hormone/receptor complex initiates mRNA production, new protein sysnthesis, diffuse into cell and bind to protein receptors, receptor moves to nucleus and initiates mRNA translation of specific group of genes
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| nonsteroid hormones mechanism of action | show 🗑
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| show | limited and vary for each hormone
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| what is half life and duration dependent on | show 🗑
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| how are hormones removed from body | show 🗑
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| show | maintain hormone levels in very narrow ranges
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| show | hypothalamus, anterior pituitary release tropic hormones, stimulates other glands to secrete, secondary endocrine organ, effector hormone
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| glands under direct neural control | show 🗑
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| show | some glands respond to changes in internal environment
beta cells of pancreas detect glucose levels
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| positive feedback loops | show 🗑
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| pituitary gland | show 🗑
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| anterior pituitary | show 🗑
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| posterior pituitary | show 🗑
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| show | regulates hormonal output of anterior via Releasing Factors and Inhibiting Factors, portal tract between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, synthesizes two hormones that are transported and stored in posterior pituitary for later release
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| show | tropic hormones, prolactin, growth hormone
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| tropic hormones | show 🗑
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| gonadotropins | show 🗑
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| show | thyroid control
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| show | adrenal cortex control
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| show | promotes milk production
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| show | anabolic hormone that stimulates growth of all body tissues, stimulates somatomedians production in liver
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| show | mobilizes fats from adipose tissue and stimulates overall protein synthesis while inhibiting glucose uptake and metabolism
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| growth hormone most potent effect on | show 🗑
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| show | produces giantism in children and acromegaly in adults
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| show | in children produces dwarfism
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| hormones of the posterior pituitary | show 🗑
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| show | dependent upon presence or absence plus number of receptors, labor contractions, milk ejection, orgasm
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| show | controlled via hypothalamus by positive feedback
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| show | kidney control
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| thyroid gland | show 🗑
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| thyroxin or thyroid hormone | show 🗑
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| show | low metabolic levels sensed by hypothalamus, release of thyrotropin-releasing factor, release of TSH from pituitary, re-uptake of colloid and conversion to T3 and T4 for secretion
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| T3 and T4 | show 🗑
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| hyperthyroidism | show 🗑
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| symptoms of hyperthyroidism | show 🗑
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| hypothyroidism | show 🗑
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| iodine deficiency | show 🗑
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| show | due to maternal and/or infant hypothyroidism
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| show | lowers blood calcium levels by stimulating activity of osteoblasts, manufactured by parafollicular cells
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| show | located on dorsal surface of thyroid gland, secrete parathyroid hormone
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| show | antagonist of calcitonin, elevates blood calcium levels via several mechanisms
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| show | increases osteoclast activity, stimulates activation of vitamin D in kidneys and production of calcium binding protein in small intestine, increase absorption of dietary calcium, increases active calcium reabsorption from filtrate in kidney
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| hyperparathyroidism | show 🗑
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| hypoparathyroidism | show 🗑
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| adrenal glands | show 🗑
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| adrenal cortical hormones | show 🗑
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| mineralocorticoids | show 🗑
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| show | levels of other electrolytes that are coupled to sodium transport (rennin-angiontensin mechanism)
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| show | primarily cortisol, important metabolic hormones that enable the body to resist stressors
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| glucocorticoid actions | show 🗑
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| gonadocorticoids | show 🗑
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| adrenal medulla hormones | show 🗑
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| epinephrine and norepinephrine | show 🗑
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| show | blood glucose levels to rise, rise in blood pressure, the heart to beat faster, etc…
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| show | endocrine portion called islets of Langerhans composed of alpha and beta cells
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| alpha cells | show 🗑
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| show | produce insulin
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| glucagon | show 🗑
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| glycogenolysis | show 🗑
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| show | synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates
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| show | released by beta cells in response to rising blood glucose levels, stimulates cellular uptake and metabolism of glucose, enhances transport of glucose into body cells
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| diabetes mellitus | show 🗑
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| show | ovary and testes
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| pineal gland | show 🗑
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| melatonin | show 🗑
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| thymus | show 🗑
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| show | calcium release from bone
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