U2: Muscles
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| show | all produce some kind of body movement when it contracts and shortens; have contractile protein myofilamants actin and myosin. Prefixes myo- and sarco-; many mitochondria, well vascularized.
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| show | skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
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| show | what muscle cells are called because of their elongated, thread-like shape.
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| Skeletal muscle tissue | show 🗑
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| Cardiac muscle tissue | show 🗑
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| show | in walls of hollow internal organs; Aka visceral muscle b/c of location. Cells=non-striated. Provide contractions to help propel stuff in tubular organs; food thru digestive tract, bowels, urinary bladder, baby delivery. Involuntary.
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| show | produce movement, maintain posture, generate heat.
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| Connective tissue wrappings or skeletal muscle | show 🗑
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| Epimysium | show 🗑
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| show | connective tissue wrapping around a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers/cells; such a bundle is called a fascicle.
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| show | connective tissue wrapping around a single skeletal muscle cell/fiber
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| Muscle attachments | show 🗑
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| Origin | show 🗑
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| show | moveable attachment of a skeletal muscle; in muscles of the limbs insertion lies distal to origin.
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| Prime mover/agonist | show 🗑
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| show | muscle that opposes or reverses a particular movement produced by a prime mover/agonist; relaxed when a prime mover is contracted/shortened.
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| show | help prime movers by producing the same movement or by reducing undesirable movement when a prime mover contracts.
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| show | cells elongated and multinucleated, striated; have sarcolemma (plasma membrane) and sarcoplasm.
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| show | cytoplasm of muscle cells/fibers. Contains myofibrils (train) which consists of sarcomeres (cars of train).
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| show | basic unit of contraction in skeletal muscle; portion of myofibril between two consecutive z discs. Composed of thin actin filaments and thick myosin filaments.
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| show | organelle in skeletal muscle cell that releases calcium ions upon stimulation; calcium ions allow for interaction between myosin cross bridges and actin filaments required for contraction.
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| Skeletal muscle disorders | show 🗑
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| Myasthenia gravis | show 🗑
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| show | group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive deterioration and weakening of skeletal muscles. Involves defects in genes that are responsible for coding for proteins in sarcolemma of muscle cells.
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| show | slow oxidative, fast glycolytic, fast oxidative; each skel. Muscle contains a mix of all three, so can perform different tasks at different times. Amount is genetically determined.
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| show | aka red, slow-twitch fibers; contract slowly, produce ATP by aerobic means. Abundant myoglobin, large supply mitochondria, capillaries, resistant to fatigue, thin, not much contraction power. Posture muscles.
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| Fast glycolytic fibers | show 🗑
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| show | intermediate in many characteristics in comparison to slow oxidative and fast glycolytic fibers.
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| show | insertion for these muscles is skin, innervation is facial nerve. Bell’s palsy is paralysis of facial muscles associated with dysfunction of the facial nerve
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| Epicranius | show 🗑
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| Frontal belly of epicranius | show 🗑
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| show | overlies occipital bone; pulls scalp backward
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| Orbicularis oculi | show 🗑
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| Orbicularis oris | show 🗑
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| show | origin is zygomatic bone; insertion skin at corners of mouth; draws corners of mouth upward; “smiling muscle”
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| Buccinator | show 🗑
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| Platysma | show 🗑
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| Muscles that move the eyeball | show 🗑
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| Superior rectus | show 🗑
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| show | moves eyeball downward
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| show | moves eyeball medially (toward nose)
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| Superior oblique | show 🗑
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| show | helps rotate eyeball
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| show | provide for mastication/chewing; masseter, temporalis
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| Masseter | show 🗑
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| show | covers parts of temporal and parietal bones; bulging of it can be felt through scalp when teeth are clenched; insertion is mandible; action is masticating/chewing, biting, elevates (closes) mandible
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| show | tongue & buccinator muscles squeeze food posteriorly thru mouth toward pharynx; throat/pharynx muscles contract in sequence- suprahyoid muscles, pharyngeal constrictor muscles, infrahyoid muscles
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| show | above hyoid bone; pull hyoid & larynx superiorly & anteriorly. Moves laryngeal opening under protective flap (epiglottis) keeping food/fluid out of respiratory tract. Anterior mvmnt of hyoid bone widens pharynx to better receive food.
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| show | after suprahyoid muscles; in wall of pharynx. Squeeze food inferiorly through pharynx and into esophagus
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| Infrahyoid muscles | show 🗑
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| show | sternoceidomastoid, splenius muscles
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| show | in anterolateral surface of neck. Origins-sternum, clavicle. Insertion-mastoid process of temporal bone. Simultaneous contraction of both such muscles flexes head and neck; contraction of one alone rotates and tilts head
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| show | two muscles in posterior neck; lie deep to trapezius. Insertion-occipital bone; action-extend and hyperextend head
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| show | erector spinae/sacrospinalis
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| Erector spinae/sacrospinalis | show 🗑
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