Abdomen
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| show | Abdominal Aorta
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| show | Pelvic Diaphragm
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| show | thoracic diaphragm
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| show | no physical separation between the 2 cavities
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| show | crosses tips of the 9th costal cartilages anteriorly and the lower 1st lumber vertebra posteriorly
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| show | 1. pylorus of stomach
2. superior part of the duodenum
3. duedenojejunal flexture
4. Fundus of the gall bladder
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| show | 6 lower intercostals nerves and L1
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| show | Joining of the aponeurosis of the right and left external abdominal oblique muscles
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| show | inguinal ligament (false ligament)
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| 10. What is the Superficial inguinal ring? | show 🗑
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| 11. What is the cremaster muscle a continuation of? | show 🗑
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| 12. What innervates the cremaster muscle? | show 🗑
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| show | Afferent- Femoral branch of the genitorfemoral nerve and/or ilioinguinal N.
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| show | Efferent- genital branch of the genitofemoral N.
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| 15. What is a prolapse of the uterus? | show 🗑
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| show | Thin fibers reach the round ligament of the uterus
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| 17. What happens to the rectus sheath below the umbilicus (beneath the arcuate line)? | show 🗑
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| show | Internal thoracic artery (internal mammory artery)
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| 19. What are the contents of the rectus sheath? | show 🗑
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| 20. Whats not contained in the rectus sheath? | show 🗑
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| 21. What are the medial umbilical folds remnants of? | show 🗑
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| 22. What becomes the round/teres ligament of the liver? | show 🗑
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| show | Urachus- embryonic urinary tract
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| show | transverse abdominis & internal abdominal oblique muscle
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| show | 1. Because linea alba is avascular, is often cut in surgery and doesn’t heal well.
2. After surgery, hernia can occur along scar because of weakening to area
3. Can occur at sight of any incision
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| 26. When does an umbilical hernia usually occur? | show 🗑
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| show | Inguinal is above inguinal lig. While femoral is below inguinal lig
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| show | Fascia transversalis
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| show | Aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique muscles
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| show | Female- round ligament of uterus, lymphatics
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| 31. What are the contents of the inguinal canal in Male? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Left- left renal vein
2. Right- Inf. Vena Cava
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| show | Begins at 7 weeks (of fetus life) and ends by 7th month
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| 34. What is cryptorchidism? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Medial to epigastric vessels
2. Parallels spermatic cord
3. Low risk of strangulation
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| show | 4. Almost always acquired
5. Typically middle aged man
6. Smaller in size
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| show | 1. Lateral to epigastric vessel
2. Passes through deep inguinal ring
3. Pushes into spermatic cord
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| show | 4. High risk of strangulation
5. Can be congenital
6. In younger people
7. Bigger in size
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| 39. What is Guillian-Barre syndrome? | show 🗑
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| show | Symptoms: muscle weakness & numbness from arms/legs to rest of body
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| show | T5-T9 (referred pain in epigastric region)
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| 42. What are the roots of the lesser splanchnic nerve? | show 🗑
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| 43. What are the roots of the least splanchnic nerve? | show 🗑
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| 44. What organs/vessels are intraperitoneal 1-8 (enveloped by the peritoneum, generally mobile)? | show 🗑
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| 45. What organs/vessels are intraperitoneal 9-15? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. 2nd part of duodenum
2. Ascending colon
3. Descending colon
4. Rectum (middle 1/3)
5. Pancreas (rest of it)
6. Kidney
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| show | 7. Adrenal gland
8. Proximal ureters
9. Renal vessels
10. Gonadal blood vessels
11. IVC
12. Aorta
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| show | 1. Rectum (lower 1/3)
2. Urinary bladder
3. Distal ureters
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| show | Serous
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| show | inflammation (accompanied by pain) of peritoneum followed by abdominal injury. Ex. Stab
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| show | 1. Peritoneum exudes fluid
2. Can be caused by liver cirrhosis or congestive heart failure
3. Treatment is paracentesis
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| 52. What is paracentesis? | show 🗑
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| show | double layer of the peritoneum containing nerves/fat- connects to intestine to posterior abdominal wall
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| 54. Where is the lesser sac (omental bursa)? | show 🗑
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| show | Epiploic foramen (beneath the portal triad). Also called Foramen of Winslow
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| show | 1. Is the site of internal herniation
2. Surgery is performed here
3. Artery to gall bladder (Cystic A.) can be reached through here
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| 57. What is the purpose of the greater omentum? | show 🗑
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| show | 3. Protects against infection & inflammatory conditions
4. Called the abdomen policemen
5. Protects against injury
6. insulates
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| show | Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or ovulation
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| 60. What does excess fluid in the right hepatorenal pouch of Morrison cause? | show 🗑
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| show | Foregut: 1. Esophagus
2. Stomach to 2nd part of duodenum
3. Liver
4. Biliary system
5. Gall bladder
6. Pancreas
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| show | 1. Lower half of 2nd part of duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
4. Cecum
5. Ascending colon
6. Right 2/3 of the transverse colon
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| 63. List the parts of the hindgut: | show 🗑
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| 64. List the blood supply of the foregut, midgut, and hindgut: | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Esophagus up to 2/3 right of transverse colon Vagus N.
2. 1/3 left of transverse colon to anal canal- Splanchnic N( S2-S4)
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| 66. What is the sympathetic innervations of the lower esophagus to the anus? | show 🗑
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| 67. Where does the esophagus begin and end? | show 🗑
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| 68. What is clinically important about the distal part of the esophagus? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Upper sphincter
2. Aortic narrowing
3. Diaphragmatic narrowing
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| show | Sympathetic & parasympathetic Vagus N
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| show | 1. Upper- Inf. Thyroid A.
2. Middle- Thoracic Aorta & bronchial A.
3. Lower- left gastric A and Inf Phrenic A.
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| 72. What is the venous drainage of the esophagus? | show 🗑
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| 73. Where do the gastric veins drain into? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Stratisfied non-keratinized squamous epithelium
2. In cardia it is simple columnar epithelium
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| show | Enlargement of sub mucosal veins due to portal hypertension (liver cirrhosis)
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| 76. What are the layers of the esophagus? | show 🗑
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| 77. What is esophageal atresia? | show 🗑
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| 78. What is a tracheoesophageal fistula? | show 🗑
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| 79. Where and in whom is esophageal cancer most common? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. True(all 3 layters protrude)
2. False (only muscle protrudes)
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| 81. What is Zenker’s diverticulum? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Dysphagia
2. Food regurgitation
3. Coughing
4. Halitosis
5. Ulceration
6. Bleeding
7. Inflammation
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| show | 1. Disorder of lower esophageal sphincter
2. It fails to relax during swallowing
3. Absence/decrease of neurons in myenteric plexus
4. Can be caused by chagas disease
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| show | 1. Restrosternal pain
2. Dysphagia for solids & liquids
3. Dilated proximal esophagus
4. Aperistalsis
5. Bird beak sign in barium swallow
6. Increased LES pressure
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| show | 1. Lining of esophagus damaged by stomach acid
2. Squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar epithelium
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| 86. What is gastric mucusa and its significance? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Mucoid cells- mucous
2. Chief cells- pepsinogen
3. Parietal cells- HCL & intrinsic factor
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| show | Gastrin- which stimulates acid secretion & growth of parietal cells
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| show | gastrin secretion by non-beta cells of the pancreas
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| show | protein splitting enzyme activated by HCL of stomach into pepsin to break food
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| 91. What stimulates the secretion of gastric juices? | show 🗑
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| 92. Where are the oblique fibers of the muscle layer of the stomach NOT located? | show 🗑
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| 93. What is the blood supply of the stomach? | show 🗑
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| 94. What is the venous drainage of the stomach? | show 🗑
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| 95. Where does the lymph from the stomach and the lower part of the esophagus drain into? | show 🗑
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| 96. What is the parasympathetic innervations of the stomach? | show 🗑
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| 97. What is the sympathetic innervations of the stomach? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Cutting Vagus N.
2. To treat gastric ulcers not responding to drug therapy
3. Can cause dumping syndrome: feeling of fullness
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| show | Sliding Hiatus:
(1. Abdominal part of esophagus, cardia, & part of fundus slide up through esophageal hiatus
2. Symptoms: regurgitation & heartburn)
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| show | Paraesophageal hiatus:
(1. Cardia doesn’t move
2. Part of fundus & peritoneum pass through the esophageal hiatus
3. Usually no regurgitation)
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| show | fundoplication
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| show | 1. Inflammation of gastric mucosa
2. Erosive/non-erosive
3. Acute/chronic
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| 103. What is hypertrophic gastritis? | show 🗑
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| 104. What are gastric ulcers? | show 🗑
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| show | Hemigastrectomy:
1. Billroth A
2. Billroth B
3. Vagotomy
4. antrectomy
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| 106. What is hypertrophic pyloric stenosis? | show 🗑
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| 107. What causes hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and what is the treatment? | show 🗑
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| 108. What are the three parts of the small intestine? | show 🗑
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| 109. What is the function of the small intestine? | show 🗑
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| show | In the duodenum
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| show | 1st part (superior)
1. Anterior to portal vein & common bile duct
2. Most common place for ulcer (duodenal cap)
3. Has some mobility
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| 112. What is the 2nd part of the duodenum and its important clinical points? | show 🗑
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| show | 3rd part- horizontal
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| 114. What is the 4th part of the duodenum and its important clinical points? | show 🗑
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| 115. What is the function of the duodenum? | show 🗑
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| show | Secretin:
1. inhibits gastric acid secretion (due to high acid)
2. Cholecystokinin: induces gall bladder contraction (due to fatty chime)
3. Enterogastrone: inhibits stomach peristalsis
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| show | 1. Typically in young skinny women
2. Suppression of sup. Mesenteric A. & duodenum because little or no fat present
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| 118. What are the symptoms/characteristics of duodenal ulcers? | show 🗑
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| 119. What is duodenal atresia? | show 🗑
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| 120. What is the purpose of the villi and microvilli in the intestine? | show 🗑
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| 121. What does the Brunner’s gland secrete and where is it located? | show 🗑
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| 122. Where are iron/folate and B12 absorbed primarily? | show 🗑
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| 123. List the characteristics of the jejunum: | show 🗑
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| 124. List the characteristics of the ileum: | show 🗑
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| 125. What is the Sympathetic innervations of the small intestine? | show 🗑
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| show | Parasympathetic Vagus N.:
1. Stimulates peristalsis
2. Stimulates glandular secretion
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| 127. What is Meckels diverticulum? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Mimic pain of appendicitis
2. About half cause ulceration
3. Inflammation/GI bleeding due to presence of ectopic acid
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| 129. What is the rule of 2’s for meckels diverticulum? | show 🗑
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| 130. Which part of the large intestine has mesentery? | show 🗑
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| show | appendix in mid gut around the umbilicus
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| 132. What is the blood supply of colon? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Formed by anastomosis of superior and inferior mesenteric A.
2. Lies in mesentery close to colon
3. Important anastomosis if one of A. is blocked
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| show | 1. Continued fecal continence
2. Also called rectal sling
3. Contracts during peristaltic contraction if defection is not to occur
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| 135. What are absent from the rectum? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Male- rectovesical pouch
2. Female Rectourine pouch
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| show | external
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| show | pudendal N. (sensitive to pain)
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| 139. Describe Internal hemorrhoids? | show 🗑
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| show | External (which are below the pectinate line)
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| 141. Why are suppositories given? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Defieciency of ganglion cells
2. Associated with down syndrome and chagas disease
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| 143. What are symptoms of Hirschsprung’s disease? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Chroni relapsing ulceroinflammatory disesase
2. Young adult with fever
3. Left side abdominal pain
4. Bloody diarrhea
5. Rectal bleeding
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| 145. What is crohn’s disease and it’s symptoms? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. In colon
2. Older people (55+)
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| show | may occur through anus due to trauma (child birth) and age
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| show | 1. Acinar cells do the secreting
2. Enzymes and bicarbonate
3. Stimulated by secretin (bicarbonate) & cholecystokinin (enzymes)
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| show | 4. Enzymes secreted are zymogens: activated by enterokinase in small intestine
5. Secreted through main and accessory pancreatic duct
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| 150. Describe the endocrine secretions of the pancreas | show 🗑
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| 151. What is the blood supply to the pancreas? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Inflammatory disease of pancreas
2. Alchohol, biliary tract disease, infection
3. Severe abdominal pain radiating to back
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| 153. Accelerated development of pancreas islets | show 🗑
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| 154. What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome? | show 🗑
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| 155. What is the function of the liver? | show 🗑
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| show | remnant of ductus venosos (shunted blood from umbilical vein to IVC in order to bypass portal vein)
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| 157. Why are stab wounds at the 5th intercostal space dangerous? | show 🗑
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| show | Yes (whole piece can regenerate)
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| 159. What can cause inflammation of the liver (hepatitis)? | show 🗑
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| 160. What is the function of gallbladder? | show 🗑
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| 161. In whom is it most common for gallstones to form? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Clears out old RBC’s
2. Takes part in immunological responses
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| show | Liver (has macrophages)
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| 164. List the hormones the kidney secrete and their functions: | show 🗑
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| 165. What are the ureters crossed by? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Glomerulosa- steroid hormones
2. Fasciculata- sugar- glucocorticoids
3. Reticulate- sex hormones
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| 167. What does the adrenal medulla secrete? | show 🗑
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| show | Sympathetic system
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