Organization of the thoracic viscera
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| What the top opening of the thorax called? | show 🗑
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| show | Trachea, esophagus, vessels and nerves
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| What the major boundaries of the STO? | show 🗑
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| show | Inferior thoracic aperture
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| What are the boundaries of the ITA? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) the pleural cavities (with lungs and mediasteinum), 2) the thoracic wall, 3) the diaphragm, and 4) the suprapleural membrane
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| What prevents the lungs from bulging out through the superior thoracic outlet? | show 🗑
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| What is the definition of the pleura? | show 🗑
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| show | mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) and connective tissue
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| show | Parietal pleura
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| show | Visceral pleura
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| show | At the root of the lung
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| Where are the major division lines of the parietal pleura? | show 🗑
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| show | It is a double layer of pleura formed with part of the mediastinal perietal pleura and the visceral pleura; it is located at the root of the lung
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| What (definition) are the lines of pleural reflection? | show 🗑
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| Trace the path of the right pleura | show 🗑
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| Trace the path of the left pleura | show 🗑
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| show | (I) An indentation in the left pleural sac that wraps around the heart
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| show | The mediastinum
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| What are the divisions of the mediastinum? | show 🗑
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| show | At the imaginary plane level with T4 (and Angle of Louis)
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| show | The pericardial sac and its contents
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| show | Chiefly between the manubrium sterni and the first four thoracic vertebrae
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| show | Thymus, brachiocephalic veins and superior vena cava, aortic arch and its three branches, the vagus and the phrenic nerves, cardiac plexus of nerves, left recurrent laryngeal nerve (not the right), trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, lymph nodes
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| What are the main contents of the posterior mediastinum? | show 🗑
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| show | Thoracic vertebrae 5 through 12
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| Where is the thymus located | show 🗑
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| Where (relative to what landmark) is the bifurcation of the trachea? | show 🗑
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| show | The azygous vein (right) and the arch of the aorta (left)
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| show | To the right border of the sternal angle
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| show | Begins at the right border of the sternal angle, runs upward, backwards, and to the left IN FRONT of the trachea; passes down to the left of the trachea, and ends at the sternal angle
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| What two structures are located in its concavity? | show 🗑
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| show | Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery
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| What is the path of the brachiocephalic trunk? | show 🗑
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| show | Passes up to the left of the trachea and enters neck behind left sternoclavicular joint
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| show | Arise from the arch of the aort right past the left common carotid artery branches off
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| show | All are crossed anteriorly by the left brachiocephalic trunk.
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| show | Condition where the aortic arch is abnormally narrow just beyond the left subclavian branch
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| What is the basic pathway that supplies lower body structures if there is a coarctation? | show 🗑
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| show | Intercostal space pulse felt, lack of femoral pulse, notching of the inferior border of the ribs (on X-ray); these occur because of increased pressure-->dilation of arteries
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| show | subclavian and the internal jugular vein; right and left sternoclavicular joint
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| Where does the superior vena cava enter the right atrium of the heart? | show 🗑
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| Describe the position of the vagus nerves in the 1) root of the neck, 2) at the level of the root of the lung | show 🗑
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| show | arise from vagus nerves and ascend to supply larynx; LEFT: hooks around left side of the arch of aorta BEHIND ligament arteriosum and ascends groove between trachea + esophagus; RIGHT: hooks around right subclavian in root of neck (not in mediastinum)
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| show | Ventral rami of C3, C4, C5
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| show | Both enter superior mediastinum between subclavian artery and vein and lateral to vagus nerves; both descend in front of the roots of the lung
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| show | Somatic efferent (motor): diaphragm; somatic afferent: fibrous pericardium, parietal serous pericardium, mediastinal parietal pleura, central part of the diaphragmatic parietal pleura, central part of diaphragmatic parietal peritoneum
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| show | From pharynx (C6), enters superior mediastinum (between trachea and vert. column and behind left principal bronchus); enters post. medias. to right of aorta behind pericardium and left atrium; turns left crossing front of aorta; crosses diaphragm at T10
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| show | At pharynx/esophageal joint (C6), contact with arch of the aorta, contact with left principal bronchus, esophageal hiatus of diaphragm; runs directly behind the left atrium
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| show | Vagus nerves form branching network on esophagus to exchange fibers; above diaphragm, plexus gives rise to two nerve trunks: anterior (left) and posterior (right)
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| show | Continues from the arch of the aorta (behind the sternal angle); descends down at first on left side of vertebral bodies-->approaches midline; passes through aortic hiatus of the diaphragm at T12
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| show | Lower nine posterior intercostal arteries, subcoastal arteries, bronchial arteries, esophageal arteries, superior phrenic arteries
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| show | It is mean to drain the blood from the body wall; can receive from thoracic viscera. Can also provide alternative root for venous return from lower parts of body
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| What are the left/right assymetries of the azygous venous system? | show 🗑
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| What are the major tributaries of the azygous vein? | show 🗑
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| Where is the thoracic duct located? | show 🗑
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| show | Runs up to the root of the neck and empties at the junction of the left subclavian and the left internal jugular veins
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