chapters 15-17 in class
Help!
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| def of atonomic nervous system | a cmplex system of nerves that govern involuntary actions, works constantly with the somatic nervous system to regulate body organs and maintain normal internal functions
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| ANS: is it a convergent or a divergent circuit | divergent
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| ANS: what partis the the fight or flight respobnse | fight or flight, the sympathetic
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| ANS: during sympathetic system overide what body functions are reduced | digestion, urination, defication,
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| ANS: what is the opposite of sympathetic | parasympathetic system
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| are the ANS and the SNS both part of the central and peripheral nervous system | yes
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| are ANS functions voluntary or involuntary | involuntary
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| somatic nervous system: uses both ____ and ____ neurons to conduct stimulus information from a sensory receptor | sensory and somatic motor
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| somatic nervous system: what do somatic motor neurons do | they innervate skeletal muscle fibers, sends nerve impulses
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| does the ANS utilize both sensory and motor neurons | yes
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| somatic nervous system: what do visceral sensory neurons do | provide input to activate the ANS (use pre and post ganglionic fibers) blood vessels and cell visceral walls
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| somatic nervous system: type of control | voluntary control from the central cortex imput from the basal nuclei (brainstem, cerebellum and SC)
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| somatic nervous system: number of neurons in pathways | one neuron in pathways, somatic motor neuron axon extends from the CNS to the effector
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| somatic nervous system: are ganglia associated with the motor neuron | no
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| somatic nervous system: what is the sensory imput | general somatic senses, proprioception, special senses
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| somatic nervous system: are ganglia associated with the sensory imput | yes, posterior root ganglia, sensory ganglia of the cranial nerve
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| somatic nervous system: what are the effector organs | skeletal muscel fibers
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| somatic nervous system: what is the response to the effectors | excitation only
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| somatic nervous system: what is the neurotransmitter released | acetylcholine (ACh)
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| somatic nervous system: what are the properties of the axon; conduction fast or slow | myelinated sheath, thick ;fast conduction
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| atonomic nervous system: what is the type of control | involuntary control (from brainstem, hypothalamus, limbic system, and SC)
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| atonomic nervous system: what are the number of neurons in the pathway | two neurons, preganglionic neuron in the CNS projects an axon to ganglionic neuron, ganglionic neuron projects a postganglionic axon to the effector
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| atonomic nervous system: what is the ganglia associated with the motor neurons | autonomic ganglia, sympathetic trunk, prevertebral ganglia, ternminal ganglia
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| atonomic nervous system: what is the sensory imput | general somatic and visceral senses
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| atonomic nervous system: what is the ganglia associated with sensory imput | posterior root ganglia, sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves
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| atonomic nervous system: what are the effector organs | cardiac muscle fibers, smooth muscle fibers, glands
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| atonomic nervous system: what is the response of the effector | either excitation or inhibition of effector
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| atonomic nervous system: what neurotransmitter is released | ACh, norepinephrine
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| where is norepinephrine made | in the adrenal glands
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| atonomic nervous system: WHAT ARE the axon properties ; conduction fast or slow | preganglionic are thin and myelinated, postganglionic are thinner unmyelinated, slow conduction
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| ANS: the preglanglionic cell body is housed where | in the CNS
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| ANS: the preganglionic neuron synapses with what | the autonomic ganglion
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| ANS: the autonomic ganglion is where ______ and ______ meet | pre and post ganglion meet
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| ANS: the post ganglionic travels to where | the effector
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| neuron chains: when does neuronal convergence occur | when axons from numerous preganglionic cells synapse (converge) on a single ganglionic cell
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| neuron chains: when does neuronal divergence occur | when axons from one preganglionic cell synapse on numerous ganglionic cells
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| divisions of the ANS: the ANS is subdivided into what 2 divisions | parasympathetic and sympathetic
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| divisions of the ANS: how are the parasympathetic and sympatheitc divisions similar | that they both use a preganglionic neuron and a ganglionic neuron to innervate muscles or glands, both contains the autonomic ganglia that house the ganglionic neurons, both are involuntary and concerned with body's internal function
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| divisions of the ANS: why are the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS so different | they both do drastically different functions
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| parasympathetic division: aka | craniosacral division; rest and digesting division
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| parasympathetic division: primary concerned with what | conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores
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| parasympathetic division: when is it most active | when body is at rest or digesting a meal
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| parasympathetic division: participates along with the sympatheic division in maintaining what | homeostasis
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| sympathetic division: aka | thoracolumbar division; "fight or flight"
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| sympathetic division: primarily concerned with what | preparing the body for emergencies
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| sympathetic division: increased sympathetic activity results in what | increased alertness, metabolic activity necessary for these activities as well as in times of fear
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| parasympathetic division: where are the preganglionic neurons originate | the brainstem or lateral grey matter of the s2-s4 SC regions (paur of places cranio sacral)
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| sympathetic division: where are the preganglionic neurons originate | in the lateral horns of the T1-L2 SC regions (the thoralumbar division)
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| parasympathetic division: what CN are involved | CN III (oculomotor), CN VII (facial), CN IX (glossopharyngeal), CN X (vagus)
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| ANS: what division the parasympathetic or sympathetic division is structually more simple | the parasympathetic
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| ANS: in both PNS and SNS are the preganglionic axons myelinated or not; small or larger in diameter? | yes, large
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| ANS: in both PNS and SNS are the postganglionic axons myelinated or not; small or larger? | no; smaller
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| ANS: what ganglionic neuron is longer pre or post in the parasympathetic | pre
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| ANS: what ganglionic neuron is longer pre or post in the sympathetic ; | post
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| ANS: what division the parasympathetic or sympathetic exhibit more branching | the sympathetic
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| ANS: where are ganglionic neurons found in the parasympathetic divsion | either the terminal ganglia close to target organ, or intramural ganglia (with the wall of an organ)
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| ANS: where are ganglionic neurons found in the sympathetic divsion | in the sympathetic trunk (paravertebral) ganglion or prevertebral)
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| ANS: what does the CN III do in regards to the parasympathetic system | constricts pupils
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| ANS: what does the CN VII do in regards to the parasympathetic system | tears, nasal secretions, saliva
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| ANS: what does the CN IX do in regards to the parasympathetic system | parotid gland secretions
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| ANS: what does the CN X do in regards to the parasympathetic system | stimulates most abdominal organs, wandering, mucus production, decreases HR, decreases diameter of airways, activity of digesting organs
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| ANS: what organs are innervated by the parasympathetic | distal portion of the large intestines, most reproductive organs, bladder, distal part of teh ureter
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| ANS: parasympethic innervation increases or decreases smooth muscle activity in digestive tract | increases
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| ANS: parasympethic innervation increases or decreases erection in Male and Female in digestive tract | increases
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| ANS: when is parasympathetic most active | when body must process nutrients and conserve energy
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| ANS: in the parasympathetic divsion lack of ____ in preganglionic axons prevent _______ seen in the sympathetic division | extensive divergence; mass activation
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| ANS: effects of the parasympethic system are discrete or widespread | discrete
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| ans: sympathetic- is it more or less complex then the parasympethtic | more
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| ans: what divsion the parasympathetic or sympathetic has "mass activation" | sympathetic
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| ANS: where arethe left and right sympathetic trunks located | pearl necklace compased of bundles of axons the pearls aret eh trunk, immediately anterior to the paired spinal nerves, lacated lateral to the vertebral column, the p
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| ANS: sympathetic trunk- what are the pearls | the ganglia tehy house the sympathetic ganglionic neuron cell bodies
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| ANS: sympathetic trunk- one sympathetic trynk ganglion is associated with a ___ | spinal nerve
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| ANS: what is fight or flight | in mass activation a large number of ganglionic neurons activate many effector organs which causes heightened sense of alertness due to stimulation of the reticular activation system
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| ANS: how are organs innervates | through specific axon bundles called autonomic pexuses
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| ans: how does communication take place | through neurotransmitters
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| what is the 6th sense | balance
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| another name for balance is | proprioception
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| def of sensation | conscious awareness of incoming sensory info
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| a stimulus has to reach what part of the brain to result in a sesation of that stimulus | the cerebral cortex
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| stimuli are detected by what | receptors
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| what are the two classes of receptors | general senses, special senses
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| receptors: def of general receptors | temp, pain, touch, stretch, pressure
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| receptors: def of special senses | gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, audition
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| receptors: they monitor what | both external and internal environmental conditions and conduct info about those stimuli to the CNS, make us aware of stimulus
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| what is the receptive field of the receptor | the entire area through which the sensitive ends of the receptor cell are distributed
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| receptive field of the receptor: if the field is small, is precise localization and sensitivity easily or generally determined | easily
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| receptive field of the receptor: if the field is large, is precise localization and sensitivity easily or generally determined | gernal region of stimulis
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| what % of stimulus never reach our consiousness | 99%
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| what is the sensory strip on the cortex | the post central gyrus
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| def of tonic receptor | receive and process stimuli continuously at a constant rate (banalce, pain)
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| def of phasic reception | quickly detect a new stimulus or change in a stimulus that has already been applied (perfume ,watch)
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| general sense receptors: how are the distributed inthe body | throughout the skin and organs
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| special sense receptors: how are the distributed inthe body | housed within complex organs in the head
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| what are the 3 criteria used to describe receptors | stimulus origin, receptor distribution, modality of stimulus,
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| based on the stimulus location what are the 3 types of receptors | exteroceptors, interoceptors, proprioceptors
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| interoceptors: AKA | visceroceptors
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| interoceptors: def | detect stimulus in internal organs, stretch receptors in smooth muscle of organs, report on pressure chemical changes in visceral tissue and temp
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| interoceptors: are we aware of these receptors | no, unless a smooth muscle stretches past a certain point
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| proprioceptors: where are the located | muscles, tendons anf joints
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| proprioceptors: what do they detect | body and limb movemetns, skeletal msucel contraction and stretch, and changes in joint capsule structures
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| proprioceptors: the awareness of body position and stae of contraction is sent to where | the CNS
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| exteroceptors: detect what stimulus | stimulus from the external environment
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| exteroceptors: where are these found | on skin or Mucous membrane that open to outside of body
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| exteroceptors: ____ senses are considered these | special
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| receptor distribution: general senses- arethe structually simple or complex | simple
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| receptor distribution: general senses- def of somatic | located with in body wall
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| receptor distribution: general senses- somatic- chemical | respond to specific chemical
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| receptor distribution: general senses- somatic- def teperature | respond to change in tep
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| receptor distribution: general senses- somatic- def of pain | detect damage
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| receptor distribution: general senses- somatic- def of touch | detect fine or light touch
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| receptor distribution: general senses- somatic- def of proprioception | monitor changes in tesion of muscles, tendons and joints
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| receptor distribution: general senses- somatic- def of pressure | detect mechanical vibration or stretch
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| receptor distribution: general senses- visceral- located where | w/in the viscera
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| receptor distribution: general senses- visceral- def of chemicals | responds to certain molecules
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| receptor distribution: general senses- visceral- defof temperature | respond to heat or cold
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| receptor distribution: general senses- visceral- tempurate- do we have far more heat or cold receptors | cold
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| receptor distribution: general senses- visceral- def of pressure | responds to stretch
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| receptor distribution: special senses- are the structurally complex or simple | complex
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| receptor distribution: special senses- where are they only located | in the head
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| receptor distribution: special senses- def of gustatio n | perceives taste
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| receptor distribution: special senses- def of olfaction | perceives smell
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| receptor distribution: special senses- def of vision | perceives object reflected or omitted light
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| receptor distribution: special senses- def of equilibrium | maintains coordination and balance
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| receptor distribution: special senses- def of hearing | perceives sounds
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| modality of stimulus: aka | stimulatiing agent
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| modality of stimulus: def of chemoreceptors | tehy detect specific molecules in external and internal environment including food, drink, body fluids, and inhaled air
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| modality of stimulus: def of thermoreceptors | respond to heat change in temp
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| modality of stimulus: def of photoreceptors | respond to light, color, and movement
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| modality of stimulus: def of mechanoreceptors | respond to touch, pressure vibration and stretch
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| modality of stimulus: def of baroreceptors ; subtype of what | respond to pressure; mechonorecpetors
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| modality of stimulus: def of nociceptors | respond to pain
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| why does misinterpretation of pain source occur | it occurs when sensory impulses from two different organs are conducted to the brina in a common pathway (ex heart is innervate to t1-t4 which can be referred to the medial side of the arm and pectoral region during myocardial infarction
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| what is the most numerous type of receptor | tactile receptors
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| tactile receptors: def | mechanoreceptors the react to touch, pressure and vibration stimuli
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| tactile receptors: where are they located | in the dermis and subq tissue
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| tactile receptors: unencapsulated- are they simpel or complex | simple
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| tactile receptors: unencapsulated- def of free nerve endings | terminal branches of dendrites, not in CT
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| tactile receptors: unencapsulated- located where | in free nerve endings, root hair plexuses, tactile discs
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| tactile receptors: unencapsulated- def of the ones in root hair plexuses | form a weblike sheath around hair follicles, detect light touch when hair moves
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| tactile receptors: unencapsulated- def of ones in tactile discs | also colled merkel discs, receptors of fine touche, toward surface of skin
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| tactile receptors: encapsulated-what are the types | krause bulb, lamellated corpuscle, ruffini corpuscle, tactile corpuscles
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| tactile receptors: encapsulated- def of krause bulbs; where are they located | mucous membrane of oral and nasal cavitiers vagina and ana l canal, detect light pressure
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| tactile receptors: encapsulated- def of lamellated corpuscles; | detect deep pressure and high frequency vibrations
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| tactile receptors: encapsulated- def of ruffini corpuscles; | detect both continuous depp pressure and distorion of the skin do not adapt, tonic
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| tactile receptors: encapsulated- def of tactile corpuscles ; where are they located | phsic receptor for fine touch and texture; found in skin, eyelids, fingertips, genitals, nipples and palms
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| def of phantom pain | sensation with body part after removal or amputation
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| phantom pain: why does it occur | stimulation of a sensory neuron anywhere along pathway from teh removed limb contimues to propagate a signal which is inerpreted as coming from removed area
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| gustation: where are the receptors housed | in specialized taste buds on the surface of the tongue
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| gustation: taste buds located on what surface | the dorsal surface
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| gustation: what are the four types of papillae | filiform, fungiform, vallate, foliate
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| def of papillae | nipple like structure
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| gustation: papillae- def of filiform; location | do not house taste buds have no sensory role; located on anterior 2/3 of the tongues ruface
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| gustation: papillae- def of fungiform; location | contain only a few taste buds each; tip and sides of the tongue
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| gustation: papillae- def of vallate; location; shape | aka circumvallate least numerous yet largest most taste buds houses within these; arranged in an inverted V shape on the posterior dorsal surface of the tongue
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| gustation: taste buds-what is a taste receptor called | gustatory cells
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| gustation: taste buds- how long do they live | 7-10 days
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| gustation: taste buds- when does the ability to taste start to decline | after age 50
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| gustation: what is teh taste center of the brain | the insula
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| gustation: the primary sensory neuron axons from gustatory cells pass from the tongue to where | cranial nerve VII and IX
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| gustation: what are the five basic taste sensations | salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami
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| gustation: taste sensations- salty is the taste of what | sodium
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| gustation: taste sensations- sweet is the taste of what | sugar
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| gustation: taste sensations- sour is the taste of what | H+
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| gustation: taste sensations- bitter is the taste of what | guamine
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| gustation: taste sensations- umami is the taste of what | meat, savory
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| olfaction: olfactory nerves- detect what; aka | odors; olfactory receptor cells
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| olfaction: supporting cells- what do they do | sandwhich the olfactory nerves andsustain and maintain the receptors
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| olfaction: basal cells- def | function as a stem cell to replace olfactory epithelium componets
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| olfaction: how many different tastes can is recognize | 50-60
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| olfaction: what cranial nerve is it associated with | 1
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| olfaction: it helps give us a sense of what other special sense | taste
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| vision: what do visual receptors do | they detect lgiht, color, and movement
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| vision: what is the prupose of accessory structures of the eye | provide superficial covering over its anterior exposed surface, prevent foreign objects from coming into contact with teh eye, keep the exposed surface moist clean and lubricated
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| vision: what keeps the exposed surface moist clean and lubricated | lacrimal gland
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| vision:what provides superficial covering over its anterior exposed surface | conjunctiva
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| vision: what prevents foreign objects from coming into contact with teh eye | eyebrows, eyelasehes, eyelids
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| vision: lgiht comes through where ; | the cornea
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| vision: the cornea continues to where | the schlera
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| vision: the choroid continues to where | iris
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| vision: is the cornea vascular or avascular | a vascular
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| vision: the cornea gets is nutrients from where | tears on teh outside
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| vision: what creats tears | lacrimal gladns
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| vision: the posterios cavity is filled with what | vitrerous humor
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| vision: the anterior cavity is filled with what | aqueous humor
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| vision: the anterior chamber starts where and ends where | iris to cornea
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| vision: the posterior chamber starts where and ends where | behind the lens to the iris
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| vision: the internal space of the eye is subdivided by the ____ into 2 cavities | lens
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| vision: anterior cavity is where | space anteror to the lends and psterior to the cornea
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| vision: the anterior cavity is further divided into ___ by the _____ | chambers; iris
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| vision: aqueous humor: what cavity contains this | the anterior cavity
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| vision: aqueous humor: what does it do | remove waste products and helps maintain the chemical environment within the anterior and posterior chabers of the eye
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| vision: aqueous humor: it secretes where and then flows where | posterior chaber, through the posterior chamber around the lends down throug the pupil into the anterior chamber
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| vision: vitreous humor: located; def | posterior cavity is posterior to lens; transparent gelatinous vitreous body which completely fills the space between the lnds and retina
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| vision: visual pathways: def | each optic nerve conducts visual stimulus info and the optic chasm some axons decussate (criss-cross), the optic tract on each side then contains axons from both eyes, visual stimulus info is procedded by the thalamus the interpretated
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| vision: visual pathways: optic nerve cross where | at the optic chasm
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| vision: eye structure: shape; is it hollow | spherical; hollow
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| vision: eye structure: defof lens | transparent structure with organelle-less cells filled with protein called crystallin, focuses incoming light onto retina
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| vision: eye structure: what are the 3 layers from the wall of the eye from superficial to deep | fivrous tunic, vascular tunic, neural tunic
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| vision: eye structure: fibrous tunic- what structures are located here | schlera, cornea
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| vision: eye structure: vascular tunic- what structures are located here | iris, ciliary body, choroid
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| vision: eye structure: neural tunic- what structures are located here | retina
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| vision: eye structure: fibrous tunic- def of sclera | fibrous outer white layer of eye
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| vision: eye structure: fibrous tunic- cornea- shape; what cells line it | convex to refract light; simple squamous epithelium
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| vision: eye structure: fibrous tunic- cornea: it continues with what and ajoins to what | the conjunctiva; the sclera
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| vision: eye structure: fibrous tunic- cornea: exterior epithelial receives nutrients from where | lacrimal gland secretions and axygen from environment
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| vision: eye structure: fibrous tunic- cornea: interior epithelial receives nutrients from where | aqueous humor
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| vision: eye structure: vascular tunic- aka | uvea
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| vision: eye structure: vascular tunic- def of choroid | houses capillaries which supply reitna,cells filled with pigment which can absorb extra light
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| vision: eye structure: vascular tunic- def of ciliary body | bonads of smooth muscle organized into a ring and suspensory ligaments that suport and give shape to the eye
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| vision: eye structure: vascular tunic- def of iris | colored disc with pupil in center whic his controled by sphincter muscle
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| vision: eye structure: vascular tunic- iris- by what ANS division does it constrict; by what division does it dilate | parasympathetic; sympathetic
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| vision: eye structure: neural tunic- def | the nervous layer that receives lgiht on the nerve endings on CN II
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| Hearing: the ear is divided into what 3 anotomical regions | external ear, middle ear, inner ear
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| Hearing: def of external ear; what structures are located here | located mostly on teh outsideof body; auricle, external auditory canal, terminates at teh tympanic membrane
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| Hearing: def of middle ear; what structures are located here | tympanic cavity, auditorytube, auditory ossicles
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| Hearing: def of innerear; what structures are located here | semicircle canal cochlea
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| hearing: inner ear- movement of the inner ear fluid results in what | the sansations of heaing and equilibrium or balance
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| hearing : the middle ear- the tympanic cavity maintains an open connnections with the atmosphere therough what | the auditory tube
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| hearing : the middle ear- eustachiam tubes- opens into what | the nasopharync from teh middle ear
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| hearing : the middle ear- eustachiam tubes- air moving through these tubees allows what | the pressure to equalize on both sides of the tympanic membrane
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| hearing : the middle ear- the tumpanic cavity of the middle ear houses what | the ossicles
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| hearing : the middle ear- what are the names for the 3 ossicles | malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and the stapes (stirrup)
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| hearing : the middle ear- what is the air filled region called | the tympanic cavity
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| hearing : the middle ear- what does teh bony wall that houses the oval and round window do | they separate the middle ear from the inner ear
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| hearing : the inner ear- what is the bony labyrinth | lacated with in the petrous portion of the temporal bone theses are tiny spaces or cavities
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| hearing : the inner ear- what is teh vestibular complex made of ; def | the stibule and semicircular canals together equal this complex ; cotains 2 saclike membranous labyrinth arts, the utricle and saccule interconnected through a narrowpathway
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| hearing : the inner ear-the semicircular canals - what is the name for the membraneous labyrinth | simicircular duct
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| hearing : the inner ear- the cochlea houses a membranous labrynth called what | the cachlear duct
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| hearing : the inner ear- membranous labyrunth- def , what is housed her | in teh bony labyrinth this membranelined fluid filled tubes and spaces ; receptors for equilibrium and heariing
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| equilibrium: rotation of the head causes wjat | the endolymph with int the semicircular canal to push against the cupula covering the hair cells resulting in bending of the sterocilia and initiation of a nerve impulse
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| equilibrium: what 2 structures report on the postions of the head ans acceleration | utricle and saccule
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| equilibrium: what reports directional movements in teh x,yand z plane | the 3 semicircular canals
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| structures for hearing: where are they houses; what organ is responsible for hearing and where is it located | w/in the cochlea in bother inner ears, they are snail shpaed chambers in the bonesorgan of corti (spiral organ) within the membraneous labyrinth
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| hearing: sound comes in an shakes ___ then goes into the fluid filled regin | tympanic membrane
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| def of conduction defness | we dont;s get vibrations
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| heairng: the louder the sound the _ the sound wave | larger
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| hearing: tympanic membrane vibrations casue what | movement by the auditory ossicles and sound waves are amplified
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| hearing: how are pressures waves generated | when the stapes moves w/in the oval window
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| hearing: the sound waves displace one region of ____ | basilar membrane
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| hearing: gains cells in teh spiral organs detect the sound wave movement anf convert the stilumlus to what | a nerve impulse which travels to the cochlear nerve
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| exocrine: def | secrete gladns produce secretions that released into ducts opening onto an epithelial surface (sweatm saliva)
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| endocrine: def | ductless organs that secrete molecules directly into the blood stream (loacated in highly vascular regions so that products enter the bloodstream immediately)(hormones)
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| glands: do endocrine or exocrine lack ducts | endocrine
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| endocrine: hormones act as what | chemical messengers to influence cell activites elsewhere in teh bod
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| endocrine: hypothalamus produces what hormones | oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone
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| endocrine: pituitary produces what hormones | thyroid stimulating hormone, prolactin, ocytocin, growth hormone,
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| endocrine: hthyroid produces what hormones | thyroid stimulating hormone
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| endocrine: adrenal glands produces what hormones | corticosteroids
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| endocrine: parathyroid produces what hormones | parathyroid hormone
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| endocrine: adrenal medulla produces what hormones | norepinephrine
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| endocrine: pancreas produces what hormones | insulin, glucagon
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| endocrine: pinealproduces what hormones | melatonin
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| endocrine: thymus produces what hormones | thymopeietin, thymosis
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| endocrine: kidneysproduces what hormones | renin
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| endocrine: heart produces what hormones | atriopeptin
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| endocrine: gonads produces what hormones | ovaries estrogein,testes testoserone
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|
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