Heart anatomy
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| What is the fibroserous sac that holds the heart and roots of the great vessels? | show 🗑
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| show | Posterior to the body of the sternum (2 through 6th ribs); anterior to 5th through 8th thoracic vertebrae
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| show | Fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium
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| show | Inferior: central tendon of the diaphragm;
Anterior: sternum via the sternopericardial ligaments
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| Where are the phrenic nerves relative to the pericardium? | show 🗑
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| What is the main function(s) of the fibrous pericardium? | show 🗑
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| show | See p. 64 or slides to determine if correct
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| show | The outer coats of the great vessels passing through it.
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| What is the serous pericardium? | show 🗑
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| Where are the parietal and the visceral layers of the serous pericardium? | show 🗑
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| show | To lubricate the moving parts of the heart (surfaces of the pericardial cavity)
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| Relative to the heart, where are the sinuses located? | show 🗑
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| show | The transverse sinus (between aorta/pulmonary trunk and the superior vena cava) and the oblique sinus (cul de sac around the six major veins entering the heart behind the LEFT ATRIUM)
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| show | It's a passage between the right to the left of the pericardial cavity; can "scoop" the inferior surfaces of the arch of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk
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| show | Apex, sternocostal surface, diaphraghmatic surface, and the base
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| show | Tip of the left ventricle; points anteriorly, inferiorly, and to the left; Found in the left 5h intercostal space approximately 8-10 cm from midline
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| show | Right atrium, right ventricle, small part of left ventricle
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| What cardiac components comprise the diaphragmatic surface? | show 🗑
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| What cardiac components comprise the base of the heart? | show 🗑
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| show | Right border: SVC, R. atrium, IVC; Left border: A. of aorta, P. trunk, left auricle, left ventricle; Superior Border: Great vessels; Inferior border: right ventricles, part of left ventricle
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| What structure divides the two parts of the right atrium? | show 🗑
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| show | Smooth muscular ridge; starts at roof of atrium in front of the opening of the superior vena cava extending down to the antioer lip of the inferior van cava
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| What is the cavity posterior to the crista terminalis? What major vessel(s) does it receive? | show 🗑
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| What major chamber lies anterior to the crista terminalis? | show 🗑
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| What is the sulcus terminalis? | show 🗑
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| Describe the texture(s) of the wall of the right atrium | show 🗑
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| Where are the pectiate muscles? | show 🗑
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| show | Sup. vena cava, Inf. vena cava, Coronary sinus, right atrioventricular orifice
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| Where does the superior vena cava open into the right atrium? | show 🗑
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| show | The inferior posterior part of the right atrium, almost in line with the SVC; contains a non-function valve of embryonic importance
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| Where does the coronary sinus open into ? | show 🗑
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| show | It is a non-functioning valve of embryonic origin
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| Where is the right atrioventricular orifice | show 🗑
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| Where is the fossa ovalis | show 🗑
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| What does the fossa ovalis mark? What did this structure do? | show 🗑
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| show | The limbus fossa ovalis
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| How does the right ventricle communicate with the right atrium? | show 🗑
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| show | Via the pulmonary orifice
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| The right ventricle is partially divided into inflow and outlfow tracts by a smooth muscular crest called ______ | show 🗑
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| Which of the tracts is posterior? Which of the tracts is anterior? What are their walls like? | show 🗑
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| show | It is the ouflow tract for the right ventricle; it is funnel shaped; it is also called the conus arterious
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| What are the inflow tract walls lined with? | show 🗑
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| What structures does the trabeculae give rise to? | show 🗑
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| How many sets of papillary muscles are there? What are they and how are they named? | show 🗑
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| What structure attaches the apex of each papillary muscle to the cusps of the tricuspid valve? | show 🗑
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| Which of the papillary muscles is the most constant + prominent? | show 🗑
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| show | Prevent eversion of the atrioventricular valve into the atrium during ventricular systole
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| Where is the tricuspic valve? | show 🗑
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| What are the three cusps of the tricuspid valve called? | show 🗑
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| How are they secured? | show 🗑
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| show | Specialized trabeculae carnae running from the interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle; carries right branch of the bundle of His to the anterior papillary muscle
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| How many valves does the pulmonary valve have? | show 🗑
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| How are the cusps named? | show 🗑
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| show | The center of the free margin of each cusp
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| show | The thin margins of each side of the nodule
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| show | They are pockets/sinuses/dilations of the pulmonary trunk where the cusps attach along the curved inferior margins of each sinus; backflow of blood during diastole fills the sinuses, but the cusps prevent regurgitation of blood
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| show | Two internal sections, but no definite line of demarcation
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| What veins empty into the posterior portion of the heart? | show 🗑
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| show | They are smooth
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| show | Pectinate muscles (musculi pectinati)
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| What structure is in contact with the posterior side of the left atrium? What layers/spaces lie between them? | show 🗑
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| show | The walls are ~3x thicker; trabeculae carnae not as well developed
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| show | Aortic vestibule; anologous to the conus arterious
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| show | The interventricular septum
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| show | 1) pars muscularis (thick and muscular); 2) Pars membranacea (thin membranous). P. membranacea lies above the muscularis and close to the atrioventricular orifices
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| Where is the mitrial valve? How many cusps does it have? What attaches them (cusps) to the wall? | show 🗑
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| What is the cardiac skeleton? How is it organized? What is its function? | show 🗑
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| What is the physiological significance of the cardiac skeleton? | show 🗑
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| show | The right right aortic sinus-->emerges on the right side of the pulmonary trunk
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| show | Runs through the right coronary sulcus between the right atrium and the right ventricle
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| What are its major branches? | show 🗑
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| show | Given off from the atrial branch near the origin of the RCA
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| What area does the right marginal branch supply? | show 🗑
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| show | At the crux of the heart
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| show | In the posterior interventricular sulcus
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| What structures does the right coronary artery supply? | show 🗑
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| show | From the left aortic sinus and emerges on the left side of the pulmonary trunk
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| show | While it is still behin the left auricle, brachnes into the anterior interventricular branch (left anterior descending, LAD) and the circumflex branch
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| Where does the anterior interventricular artery run through? | show 🗑
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| Where does the circumflex artery run through? What does it supply? | show 🗑
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| What is left coronary dominance? How common is it? | show 🗑
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| What are the branches of the circumflex artery? | show 🗑
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| show | left atrium, left ventricle (most), part of the right ventricle, anterior 2/3 of IV septum (including the bundle of His), SA and AV node (occasionally)
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| show | Lies in the left coronary sulcus from the left margin of the heart to its orifice in the right atrium; receives most of the veins in the heart
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| show | Lies in the anterior interventricular sulcus and passes upward and to the left of the left coronary sulcus; becomes continous with the left margin of the hear after receiving the oblique vein of the left atrium
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| Where is the middle cardiac vein? Where does it pass through? Where does it empty into? | show 🗑
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| Where is the small cardiac vein? Where does it pass through? Where does it empty into? | show 🗑
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| show | The anterior cardiac veins and the least cardiac veins
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| Where are the anterior cardiac veins? Where do they run through? Where do they empty? | show 🗑
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| What are the venae cordis minimis (least cardiac veins)? | show 🗑
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| show | The cardiac plexus; diffuse netwrok of delicate fibers extending from in front of the trachea to the aortic arch, pulmonary trunk, and ligamentum arteriosum
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| show | Superior cervical, middle cervical, and inferior cervical (named after the ganglion they arise from); sympathetic;
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| show | From the upper four or five thoracic ganglia of the sympathetic trunk
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| show | Postganglionic
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| show | From the upper four or five thoracic segments of the spinal cord
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| * What are the three main function of the sympathetic cardiac branches? | show 🗑
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| * Where does the heart get its parasympathetic branches? | show 🗑
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| How many cervical cardiac nerves supply the heart? Where do they arise from? | show 🗑
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| show | arise from the vagal trunks or the recurrent laryngeal branches of the vagus
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| show | preganglionic, small, plexus, walls
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| * What are the (3) main functions of the parasympathetic innervation of the heart? | show 🗑
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| Describe the path the afferent (sensory) fibers of the heart take to reach the spinal cord | show 🗑
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| What information is carried by the vagal afferents of the heart? | show 🗑
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| show | Conduction of the pain sensations of the heart; T1 and T5 (they enter via the dorsal roots), may result in referred pain to the dermatomes supplies by the upper thoracic spinal nerves (T1, T2: ulnar border of upper limb; T2-T5: upper part of thorax)
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| What are the components of the conducting system of the heart? | show 🗑
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| show | Crescent shaped structure (5-8 mm in length) occupying the whole thickness of the wall of the right atrium; on the anterior lip of the superior vena caval orifice near the top of the crista terminalis; pacemaker
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| show | Embedded in the interatrial septum close to the opening of the coronary sinus; on the fibrous AV ring close to the attachment of the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve; in the septum extends forward from the opening of the c. sinus; continues as AV bundle
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karkis77
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