Chapter 6 - Muscles
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| Four major functional characteristics of muscles | Contractility, Excitability, Elasticity, Extensibility
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| contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force.
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| excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| extensibility | the ability to be stretched
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| elasticity | ability to recoil back to original position
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| Muscles help to produce heat essential for maintenance of normal body temperature. True or False. | True
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| Epimysium | Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
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| Fascia | Connective tissue located outside the epimysium. Surrounds and seperates muscles.
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| Perimysium | surrounds muscle fasiculi
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| Muscle Fasciculi | A muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles
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| Fasciculi | Are composed of single muscle cells called fibers
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| Endomysium | surrounds a fiber by a connective tissue sheath
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| Myofibrils | A threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| 2 major kinds of protein fibers in myofibrils | actin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments
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| Actin Myofilaments | Thin filaments
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| Myosin Myofilaments | Thick myofilaments
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| Sarcomeres | Actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units
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| The basic structural and functional unity of the muscle | sarcomeres
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| Resting Membrane Potential | Charge differences across the membrane
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| Action Potential | When a muscle cell is stimulated the membrane characteristics change briefly. The brief reversal back of the charge is ___
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| Motor Neurons | Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| Neuromuscular juntion | each branch that connects to the muscle
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| Synapse | branch that connects to the muscle forms this and near the center of the cell
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| Motor Unit | A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
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| Presynaptic Terminal | Enlarged nerve terminal
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| Synaptic Cleft | The space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| Each sarcomere | extends from on Z line to the next; Has an H-Zone in the center; Contains overlapping actin and myosin
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| A high-energy molecule that can be quickly used to produce ATP | Creatine phosphate
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| Anaerobic Respiration | produces lactic acid within the muscle
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| Cardiac muscle | Has long, cylindrical cells
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| An anterior thigh muscle that extends the leg is the | quadriceps femoris
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| The hip muscle commonly called the buttocks the | gluteus maximus
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| Blinking | Orbicularis oculi
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| muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus
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| ___ ____ occurs in the presence of oxygen | aerobic respiration
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| 2 muscle disorders | cramps and muscular distrophy
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| 2 muscle contractions | isometric and isotonic
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| origin | most stationary end of the muscle
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| belly | between the insertion and origin
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| oblique | right angle
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| raises eyebrows | occipitofrontalis
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| 2 tongue muscles | intrinsic and extrinsic
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| smiling | zygomaticus
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| sneering | levator labii superioris
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| frowning | depressor anguli oris
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| 3 types of muscle | cardiac smooth and skeletal
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| muscles that work together | synergists
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| muscles that work in opposition | antagonists
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| fast twitch muscles... | fatigue quickly
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| slow twitch muscles... | are resistant to fatigue
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| the muscle responsible for elevating the ribs during inspiration is | the internal intercostals
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| muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers
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| a muscle fiber will not respond to stimuli until that stimulus reaches a level called... | threshold
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| time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is the... | lag phase
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| where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany
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| The increase in number of motor units being activated is called... | recruitment
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| ATP is need for | energy for the muscle contraction
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| ATP is produced where | mitochondria
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| oxygen debt | is the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid
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| Muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contractions faster than it is produced
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| muscle ton | constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time
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| if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing a movement is it the | prime mover
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| pucker | orbicularis oris
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| flattens the cheeks | buccinator
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| chewing | mastication
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| 4 pairs of chewing muscles | temporalis, masseter, pterygoid (2)
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| intrinsic tongue muscles | changes the shape of the tongue
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| extrinsic tongue muscles | moves the tongue
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| neck muscles | sternocleidomastoid and torticollis
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| sternocleidomastoid | prime mover/lateral neck muscle
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| torticollis | twisted neck
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| connective tissue that separates muscles and surrounds the epimysium is called | fascia
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| which of the following characteristics would establish conclusively that muscle tissue being examined was skeletal muscle tissue? | intercalated disks present
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