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Question: muscleAnswer: associated with each is the -----, a series of small bands of skeletal muscle that descends as an extension of the internal oblique to surround the testes Question: seminiferous Answer: each of the 200-300 lobules in each contains 1 to 3 tightly coiled ----- that produce sperm Question: Leydig Answer: L/spaces between tubules | F/secrete testosterone Question: Answer: stem cells that remain during childhood and actively begin producing sperm at puberty Question: two types of cell in the seminiferous tubulesAnswer: spermatogenic and Sertoli cells Question: cellsAnswer: large cells in the tubule | extend from the basement membrane to the lumen | F/form blood-testis barrier, which prevents immune response against sperm Question: how long does take?Answer: 65-75 Question: major events in Answer: spermatogonia [diploid] undergo mitosis, forming primary spermatocytes [diploid] | meiosis I creates 2 secondary spermatocytes [haploid] | meiosis II creates 4 [haploid] | in spermiogenesis, those 4 become sperm Question: acrosomeAnswer: L/a that covers the anterior two-thirds of the sperm nucleus | F/contains enzymes that help penetrate the oocyte Question: the head of the Answer: F/contains a nucleus with 23 condensed chromosomes Question: the middle of the spermAnswer: F/contains mitochondria in a spiral, which provide the energy (ATP) for locomotion Question: hormonal promotion of Answer: hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing h (GnRH) | anterior pit secretes h (LH) and follicle-stimulating h (FSH) | LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone | FSH (w/test.) stimulates Sertoli cells to stimulate secretion of ABP Question: androgen-binding (ABP)Answer: F/binds to testosterone in seminiferous tubules, keeping its concentration high | then stimulates the final steps of spermatogenesis Question: negative feedback + Answer: when enough sperm have been made, cells release inhibin, which inhibits FSH secretion by anterior pit | when fewer sperm are in bank, inhibin production declines Question: male sex characteristicsAnswer: wide shoulders, narrow hips, facial and chest hair, thickening of the skin, enlargement of the Question: maturationAnswer: the by which sperm acquire motility and the ability to fertilize a secondary oocyte | takes 14 days | occurs in the ductus epididymis Question: epididymisAnswer: a comma-shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of each testis | contains ductus epididymis | sperm may remain viable here for several months Question: deferensAnswer: aka vas deferens | this is what the epididymis becomes at the point where its diameter increases and it becomes less coiled | stores sperm and conveys sperm from epididymis toward urethra Question: the cordAnswer: a supporting structure of the male reproductive system that ascends out of the scrotum | consists of the ductus deferens, the testicular artery, veins that drain the testes, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the Question: ductAnswer: each ---- is about 2 cm long and is formed by the union of the duct from the seminal and the ampulla of the ductus deferens Question: the male Answer: passes through the prostate | three sections: prostatic, membranous, (penile) Question: sequence of structures that sperm pass Answer: sperminiferous tubules, straight , rete testis, efferent ducts, ductus epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra Question: seminal Answer: L/posterior to the base of the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum | F/secrete alkaline fluid (60% of semen ) that protects sperm from acidic vagina | fluid also contains fructose for ATP production, prostaglandins, clotting proteins Question: Answer: a single, donut-shaped gland inferior to the urinary bladder | secretes milky, slightly acidic (25% of semen volume) that contains citric acid for ATP production, proteolytic enzymes, and seminalplasmin (an antibiotic) Question: bulbourethral Answer: aka Cowper's glands | L/inferior to the prostate on either side of the urethra | F/secrete alkaline fluid into urethra that protect sperm from acidic urine Question: avg number of sperm in a of semenAnswer: 50-150 Question: F/semenAnswer: provides sperm with a transportation medium, nutrients, and from the acidic environment of the vagina Question: physiology of Answer: parasympathetic fibers relax smooth muscle in the walls of aterieroles supplying erectile tissue | para. fibers also cause smooth muscle within erectile tissue to relax, thus widening blood sinuses | all of this veins that drain the penis Question: of ejaculationAnswer: a sympathetic coordinated by the lumbar portion of the spinal cord Question: F/ovariesAnswer: produce gametes (secondary ) | produce hormones (progesterone, estrogens, inhibin, and relaxin) Question: ligamentAnswer: encloses ovaries and attaches them to the pelvic wall, where the ----- continues as the peritoneum Question: ovarian Answer: anchors ovaries to the Question: ligamentAnswer: attaches laterally to the pelvic wall Question: Answer: during fetal development, millions of stem cells known as ----- differentiate within the ovaries Question: oocytesAnswer: during fetal development, a small proportion of the oogonia into larger cells called ----- that enter prophase of meiosis I before birth, but do not complete that phase until after puberty Question: primordial Answer: during their arrested stage of development, each primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells, and the entire structure is a ----- Question: the fates of primary Answer: at birth, 200,000 to 2 million remain in each ovary | at puberty, approx 40,000 | around 400 will mature and ovulate during a woman's reproductive lifetime Question: primary Answer: each month after puberty, FSH and LH stimulate a few primordial follicles to grow into ----, have multiple layers of follicular cells Question: zona Answer: the clear glycoprotein layer between oocyte and granulosa cells Question: radiataAnswer: in secondary follicles, the innermost layer of granulosa cells becomes firmly attached to the zona and is now called the ---- Question: secondary Answer: middle phase of follicle , during which the corona radiata and the antrum appear Question: mature (graafian) Answer: the final stage of follicle development, during which the primary oocyte completes meiosis I, forming a secondary oocyte and a first polar Question: ovulationAnswer: at -----, the secondary oocyte is expelled into the pelvic together with the first polar body and corona radiata Question: Answer: if sperm are present in the uterine tube and one penetrates the secondary , meiosis II resumes | the secondary oocyte splits into two haploid cells of unequal size | the larger is the ovum, which unites with the sperm to form a zygote |
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