reproductive system
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| show | associated with each testis is the -----, a series of small bands of skeletal muscle that descends as an extension of the internal oblique to surround the testes
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| show | each of the 200-300 lobules in each testis contains 1 to 3 tightly coiled ----- that produce sperm
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| Leydig cells | show 🗑
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| spermatogonia | show 🗑
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| two major types of cell in the seminiferous tubules | show 🗑
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| Sertoli cells | show 🗑
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| how long does spermatogenesis take? | show 🗑
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| major events in spermatogenesis | show 🗑
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| acrosome | show 🗑
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| show | F/contains a nucleus with 23 highly condensed chromosomes
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| the middle piece of the sperm | show 🗑
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| show | hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing h (GnRH) | anterior pit secretes luteinizing h (LH) and follicle-stimulating h (FSH) | LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone | FSH (w/test.) stimulates Sertoli cells to stimulate secretion of ABP
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| androgen-binding protein (ABP) | show 🗑
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| negative feedback + spermatogenesis | show 🗑
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| show | wide shoulders, narrow hips, facial and chest hair, thickening of the skin, enlargement of the larynx
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| sperm maturation | show 🗑
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| show | a comma-shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of each testis | mostly contains ductus epididymis | sperm may remain viable here for several months
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| ductus deferens | show 🗑
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| show | a supporting structure of the male reproductive system that ascends out of the scrotum | consists of the ductus deferens, the testicular artery, veins that drain the testes, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the cremaster
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| show | each ---- is about 2 cm long and is formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus deferens
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| show | passes through the prostate | three sections: prostatic, membranous, spongy (penile)
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| sequence of structures that sperm pass through | show 🗑
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| show | L/posterior to the base of the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum | F/secrete alkaline fluid (60% of semen volume) that protects sperm from acidic vagina | fluid also contains fructose for ATP production, prostaglandins, clotting proteins
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| show | a single, donut-shaped gland inferior to the urinary bladder | secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid (25% of semen volume) that contains citric acid for ATP production, proteolytic enzymes, and seminalplasmin (an antibiotic)
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| show | aka Cowper's glands | L/inferior to the prostate on either side of the membranous urethra | F/secrete alkaline fluid into urethra that protect sperm from acidic urine
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| avg number of sperm in a milliliter of semen | show 🗑
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| F/semen | show 🗑
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| physiology of erection | show 🗑
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| show | a sympathetic reflex coordinated by the lumbar portion of the spinal cord
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| F/ovaries | show 🗑
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| show | encloses ovaries and attaches them to the pelvic wall, where the ----- continues as the parietal peritoneum
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| show | anchors ovaries to the uterus
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| show | attaches ovaries laterally to the pelvic wall
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| show | during fetal development, millions of diploid stem cells known as ----- differentiate within the ovaries
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| primary oocytes | show 🗑
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| primordial follicle | show 🗑
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| show | at birth, 200,000 to 2 million remain in each ovary | at puberty, approx 40,000 remain | around 400 will mature and ovulate during a woman's reproductive lifetime
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| show | each month after puberty, FSH and LH stimulate a few primordial follicles to grow into ----, which have multiple layers of follicular cells
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| show | the clear glycoprotein layer between primary oocyte and granulosa cells
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| corona radiata | show 🗑
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| show | middle phase of follicle maturation, during which the corona radiata and the antrum appear
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| show | the final stage of follicle development, during which the primary oocyte completes meiosis I, forming a secondary oocyte and a first polar body
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| ovulation | show 🗑
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| fertilization | show 🗑
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