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immune and respirato
ch 21 and 22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the 1st line of defense? | skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions |
| What is the 2nd line of defense? | White blood cells (phagocytes and T cells) they recognize, attack and eat foreign particles. |
| Which cells do not contribute to immunity? | NK- natural killer cells |
| macrophage | phagocyte produced from monocyte, important in inflammatory response |
| inflammatory response | phagocytes produce cytokines that limit inflammation and begin healing |
| inflammatory chemical | histamine |
| inate defenses | skin and mucosa, phagocytes, nk cells, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, fever |
| adaptive defenses | humoral and cellular immunity |
| nonspecific immunity | inate defenses |
| specific immunity | humoral: B cells cellular: T cells |
| clonal selection | B cells divide after being stimulated by antigen. make plasma and memory cells |
| complete antigens | substances with both immunogenicity and reactivity stimulates an immune response and reacts with the products of that response |
| incomplete antigen | unable to cause immune response by themselves, but can if bound to body proteins |
| B cells | white blood cells that produce antibodies |
| T cells | thymus cells that produce substances that attack infected cells |
| Where do B cells originate? | Bone Marrow moves to spleen and lymph nodes produces immunity |
| Where do T cells originate? | bone marrow mature in the thymus |
| antibody types | IgM, IgA, IgE, IgG, IgD |
| IgG | most common, crosses placenta complement |
| IgM | bound to B cells, activates complement, blood typing |
| IgA | body secretions and colostrum |
| IgE | binds to mast cells, when linked to allergen produces histamine |
| IgD | attaches to and activates B cells |
| Types of T cells | helper T and cytotoxic T cells |
| cytotoxic T cells | release toxins that break down host infected tumor, cancer, transplanted cells |
| Helper T cells | activate cytotoxic cells and macrophages, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies |
| autoimmune disease | chronic disabling disease- abnormal production of antibodies MS and lupus |
| phagocytic cells | WBCs that surround and eat invading bacteria neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils |
| agglutination | clumping of molecules or cells caused by antibody- antigen reaction |
| inflammation | response of body tissues to injury or irritation |
| regulatory T cells | inhibit multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells limit immune response |
| conducting zone | nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. cleanse, warm and moisten air before it reaches site of gas exchange |
| metabolic reason for respiration | carbon dioxide |
| speech production | respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation |
| respiratory membrane | gas exchange occurs between air on the alveolar side and the blood on the capillary side. alveolar side thin- diffusion |
| transpulmonary pressure | pressure difference from w/in pleural cavity, keeps lungs inflated |
| asthma attack | bronchial tubes spasm and narrow, tight chest, SOB body doesnt use air efficiently because trying to expand chest |
| Boyle's Law | relationship between pressure and volume of gas at a constant temperature. volume increase, pressure decreases |
| Henry's Law | at a given temperature, solubility of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid |
| infant respiratory distress syndrome | lung condition of premature babies, tachypnea and resp grunting, lack of surfactant |
| Dalton's Law | total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to sum of all p1+p2+p3 |
| What is the most important respiratory chemical? | carbon dioxide |
| larynx | voice box, passage for air between pharynx and trachea, contains vocal cords |
| pharynx | throat passage for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx |
| epiglottis | lid that covers larynx when swallowing to prevent food in the airway |
| surfactant | decreases surface tension in the alveoli, allows lungs to expand |
| residual volume | volume of air remaining in the lungs after max forced exhalation 1200ml |
| What is the difference between natural killer cells and cytotoxic cells? | They use same mechanisms but NK cells do not look for foreign antigens, they search for other abnormalities |
| negative respiratory pressure | lower than atmospheric pressure |
| positive respiratory pressure | greater than atmospheric pressure |
| zero respiratory pressure | equal to atmospheric pressure |
| 5 tasks of immune system | recognition lymphocyte selection lymphocyte activation destruction of foreign substance memorization |
| pulmonary ventilation | inspiration and expiration |
| external respiration | gas exchange between lungs and blood |
| gas transport | distributing oxygen to body, collecting CO2 and returning to lungs |
| internal respiration | gas exchange between blood, interstitial fluids, and the cells. cellular respiration generates energy |
| tidal volume | 500ml amount of air inhaled during normal breathing |
| inspiratory reserve volume IRV | the additional air that can be forcibly inhaled |
| expiratory reserve volume ERV | 1200ml additional air that can be forcibly exhaled |
| residual volume RV | 1200ml volume of air remaining in the lungs after ERV is gone |
| Total Lung capacity TLC | 6000ml TV+IRV+ERV+RV= TLC |
| vital capacity | 4800ml total air expired TV+IRV+ERV= VC approx 80% of TLC |
| inspiratory capacity | 3600ml max amount of air inhaled TV+IRV=IC |
| functional residual capacity FRC | 2400ml amount of air in lungs after normal expiration RV+ERV=FRC |
Created by:
jsargent73
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