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Chp 6/skull/axial
Chp 6/axial skeleton;martini
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 2 divisions of the skeletal system? | 1) axial (skull,thorax,vertebral) 2. appendicular (limbs,pectoral & pelvic girdle |
| Which skeletal system houses sense organs for taste,smell,hearing,balance & sight? | Axial skeleton |
| The joints of the _________ skeletal system permit limited movement but are strong and reinforced with ligaments | axial |
| Name 3 FX of the muscle attached to the axial skeleton: | 1. adjust position of head,neck,trunk 2. perform respiratory movements 3. stabilize appendicular system (limbs) |
| Which parts of the axial skeleton are hemopoietic (blood formation in bone marrow)? | vertebrae,sternum,ribs |
| Name the 6 cranial bones that enclose the cranial cavity | E= ethmoid Front = Frontal SPOT = sphenoid,pareital,occipital,temporal |
| Where are the blood vessels,nerves & membranes of the brain or cranium? | inner surface |
| What is the attached to the outer surface of the cranium? | muscles that move the eyes,jaws& head |
| Name 7 superficial facial bones | Make My Violet Zebra Loose Nine Pounds:maxillae,mandible,vomer,zygomatic, lacrimal,nasal,palatine |
| What is the Fx of the facial bones? | protect and support entrance to digestive & respiratory tract |
| What is the large,cricular opening on the occipital bone for? | connects cranial cavity with spinal cavity enclosed by vertebral column |
| Where does the skull connect to the first C1 (cervical vertebrae of the neck)? | occipital condyles |
| What is the purpose of the superior and inferior nuchal lines? | marks attachment of muscles that stabilize the joint at the occipital condyles & blance weight of head over vertebrae |
| Which canals are above the occipital condyle? | hypoglossal canals;hypoglossal nerves control tongue muscles |
| Besides the Foramen magnum,what other foramen does the occipital bone formspart of? | Jugular foramen;internal jugular vein drains venous blood from the brain |
| What is the attached to the outer surface of the cranium? | muscles that move the eyes,jaws& head |
| Name 7 superficial facial bones | Make My Violet Zebra Loose Nine Pounds:maxillae,mandible,vomer,zygomatic, lacrimal,nasal,palatine |
| What is the Fx of the facial bones? | protect and support entrance to digestive & respiratory tract |
| What is the large,cricular opening on the occipital bone for? | connects cranial cavity with spinal cavity enclosed by vertebral column |
| Where does the skull connect to the first C1 (cervical vertebrae of the neck)? | occipital condyles |
| What is the purpose of the superior and inferior nuchal lines? | marks attachment of muscles that stabilize the joint at the occipital condyles & blance weight of head over vertebrae |
| Which canals are above the occipital condyle? | hypoglossal canals;hypoglossal nerves control tongue muscles |
| Besides the Foramen magnum,what other foramen does the occipital bone form part of? | Jugular foramen;internal jugular vein drains venous blood from the brain |
| Which bone forms the major part of the Calvaria? | pareital bone |
| What are the 3 parts of the Temporal bone? | Squamos,Tympanic,petrous |
| What does the Tympanic part of the Temporal bone surround? | entrance to external acoustic meatus (auditory canal) |
| Which part of the occipital bone surrounds and protects the sense organs of hearing and balance? | petrous part;most massive and hardest |
| Where is the Mastoid process by? | lateral side of temporal lobe,below the external acoustic meatus |
| Ligaments that support the Hyoid bone attach to __________ process | styloid |
| Facial nerves pass through __________foramen to control facial muscles | stylomastoid |
| What 2 areas marks the site of the zygomatic arch? | mandibular fossa and articular tubercle |
| Where is the carotid canal? | temporal bone area;anterior to the jugular foramen |
| The _____bone articulates with every other facial bone;large but hidden by superficial bones | Sphenoid;Batman shape |
| What is the Fx of the Sphenoid bone? | acts as a brace to strengthen the sides of skull |
| A central depression ,Hypophyseal,between the Sphenoid wings cradles the ______ gland | Pituitary |
| What bony enclosure surrounds the Hypophyseal? | sella turcica "Turkish saddle" |
| Where do the optic nerves carrying visual info travel through? | optic canal above the sella turcica on the superior side of the sphenoid bone |
| _______ sinus is located on the anterior part;eyes of the bat | sphenoidal |
| What is the function of the Pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone? | vertical projections between the lesser and greater wing and have muscles that move lower jaw and soft palate |
| What 4 structures does the Ethmoid bone partially forms? | 1.orbital wall 2.front middle floor of cranium 3.roof of nasal cavity 4. part of nasal septum |
| Name 3 parts of Ethmoid bone | 1. perpendicular plate 2. cribiform plate 3. lateral masses |
| What ridge separatres the right and left side of cribiform plate? | crista galli (chicken crest or cock's comb) |
| Where is the Superior Orbital fissure on the sphenoid bone (batman) | anterior side of sphenoid,below the lesser wing,next to sphenoidal sinus (eyes) |
| In the sphenoid bone,where does the optic nerve go through? | optic canal on superior surface on top of sella turcica |
| What openings do the olfactory nerves pass through in the Ethmoid bone? | cribiform foramina on the cribiform plate |
| What membrane is attached to the crista galli & FX to stabilize the brain in place? | Falx Cerebri |
| What makes up the Lateral masses containing ethmoidal labyrinth? | superior and middle nasal conchae |
| What is the FX of the thin scrolls of bone or conchae? | slows down air flow for dust removal,warming & humidification before entering further down resp. tract |
| What makes up the nasal septum in the ethmoid bone? | perpendicular plate,vomer, & hyaline cartilage |
| Where else are olfactory receptors found in the ethmoid bones? | cribiform plate,superior nasal conchae,upper perpendicular plate |
| The ____ cranial fossa is made up of the frontal bone,the ethmoid,lesser wings of sphenoid | Anterior (mesencephalon) |
| What bones make up the middle cranial fossa? | Sphenoid,parietal,temporal (diencephalon) |
| The inferior posterior cranial fossa is formed by what bones? | petrous parts of temporal bone,primarily by occipital bone,and some parietal |
| What are the largest facial bones? | left/right maxillae (upper jaw) |
| The maxillae articulates with all other facial bones, except _______ | mandible (lower jaw) |
| The Alveolar processes are found on the oral margin of the ________ where the upper teethe are. | maxillae |
| What are the largest sinuses in the skull? | maxillary sinuses |
| What is the FX of the maxillary sinus | lighten the portion of the maxillae abovce teethe & produce mucous secretions to flush the inferior nasal cavity |
| What process forms the hard,bony roof of the mouth? | palatine processes |
| Name the 5 areas of the L shaped Palatine bones | Nasal CHOP = Nasal crest;Conchal crest;Horizontal plate;orbital process;perpendicular plate |
| Horizontal plate articulates with ____ to back portion of hard palate | Maxillae (upper jaw) |
| Perpendicular plate (vertical) articulates with 4 bones: | MESI : maxillae,ethmoid,sphenoid,inferior nasal concha |
| The Orbital Process of the palatine bones articulates with _____ to form the back floor of the bony orbit | Orbital Process |
| Where do nasal bones articualte with frontal bone? | Frontonasal suture |
| Does the Inferior Nasal Conchae perform the same FX as the Conchae of the Ethmoid bone? | yes;scroll like pair of bones resemble the concahe in the Ethmoid also |
| What forms the Zygomatic arch? | Temporal Process of Zygom. bone articulates with zygomatic Process of Temp bone |
| What are the smallest bones of the skull (facial and cranial bones) | lacrimal bone |
| What 3 bones does the Lacrimal bone articulate with? | FEM: frontal,ethmoid,maxilla |
| What shallow depression leads to the nasolacrimal canal? | lacrimal groove or lacrimal sulcus |
| What makes up the nasal septum? | Vomer & perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone |
| The lower jaw (mandible) can be sub divided into: | horizontal Body and ascending Ramus |
| What part of the mandibles supports the teethe? | mandibular body |
| The Condylar process extends to the ____ of the mandible | Head |
| The mandibular head articulates with the mandibular fossae of the ______ | TMJ - temporomandibular joint |
| What is the disadvantage of TMJ mobility to chew or talk? | jaw can be dislocated by forceful movement |
| The ______ process of the mandible has a muscle important for closing the mouth | Coronoid |
| What type of nerves pass through the mental foramina? (mentalis = chin) | sensory info from lips and chin back to the brain |
| _________ notch is found in between the Coronoid process and condylar process | mandibular |
| The ______ process includes the alveoli and roots of the teethe | Alveolar |
| Where do dentists typically anesthesize before working on lower teethe? | mandibular canal; (mylohyoid line<mandibular foramen<mandibular canal) |
| What 7 bones make up the orbital complex (bones around eyes) | Please Leave Eight Plates For My Zebra:palatine;lacrimal;ethmoid,sphenoid,frontal,maxillae;zygomatic |
| What does the Nasal complex include,besdies the bones & cartilage of nasal cavity? | paranasal sinuses (air spaces connected to nasal cavity) |
| What 3 bones form the superior wall of the nasal cavity? | Frontal,Sphenoid,Ethmoid |
| What bones form the lateral wall of the nasal cavity? | Maxillae,lacrimal,ethmoid,inferior nasal conchae |
| The bridge of the nose is supported by the ____ and _____ bones. | maxillae & nasal bones |
| What 4 bones contains paranasal sinuses (air filled chambers) | Front MES (frontal,maxillae,ethmoid,sphenoid) |
| Name 3 FX of the paranasal sinuses | lighten skull bones,produce mucus & resonate sound |
| What ligament holds up the Hyoid bone? | stylohyoid ligament |
| Which bone is not in direct contact with anyother bone? | Hyoid bone; this allows bone to become mobile since only ligaments & muscles are the only connections to other bones |
| Name the 3 parts of the Hyoid bone | greater horn, lesser horn, body (center) |
| Which area of the hyoid helps support the larynx and have muscles for tongue movement? | greater horns |
| What is the condition that causes a distorted skull growth due to premature closing of frontal or other suture? | craniostenosis |
| A long and narrow head is due to premature closing of which suture/ | saggital |
| A very broad skull results from premature closing of the ______ suture | coronal |
| Does the skull of the fetus develop rapidly right before birth? | yes |
| What is the name of the fibrous C.T. that connect cranial bones of infants? | fontanel |
| Are fontanels flexible and able to be distorted without damage? | yes |
| Name the 4 fontanel regions | SOMA: Sphenoidal, occipital, mastoid,anterior |
| The ______ fontanel is beween the squamous suture & coronal suture | sphenoidal (the Spider may get squashed by the crown) |
| The ______ fontanel is between the squamous suture & lambdoid suture | Mastoid (Master gave Squash to the lamb) |
| Which fontanel is the largest and l;ies between the frontal,sagittal, & coronal sutures? | Anterior |
| The ______ fontanel lies between the lambdoid & sagittal | Occipital ((in Octthe Lamb loves Sage) |
| How does the skull of infants and adults differ? | shape & structure of cranial elementsdue to variation is size and proportion |
| At what age does the most sig growth of the skull stop? | By age 5; brain stops growing & cranial sutures develop |
| The cranium of a young child is ____ than an adult | Larger |
| The Vertebral column (back bones) & ribs are part of the ___ skeleton | Axial |
| What is the FX of the vertebral column? | provide column of support, bear the weight of the head,neck,trunk & transfer that weight to the lower limbs (appendicular system); protect spinal cord,passageway for spinal nerves & manintain upright position like sitting or standing |
| The first _____ vertebra form a pair of joints with the occipital condoyle | Cervical (C1 or Atlas) |
| The _____ vertebra articulate with one or more pair of ribs | Thoracic |
| The 5 vertebrae of the tailbone (coccyx)complete fusion by age __ | 25 years old |
| Since the spine is not straight and rigid,name the 4 spinal curves | Cervical,Thoracic,Lumbar,Sacral curves |
| The thoracic & sacral curves are ______ curves because they appear late in fetal development | Primary or accommodation |
| How is the newborn vertebral column shaped compared to an adult? | Newborn = C shaped adult= reverse S shaped |
| Why is the newborn vertebral column C shaped? | only primary curves (thoracic & sacral) present;primary accomodations |
| When do the secondary (cervical & lumbar) curves develop in the infant? | several months after birth;also called compensation curves; secondary compensation |
| Why are seondary curves (cervical & lumbar) also called compensation curves? | help shift the trunk weight over the legs |
| All 4 curves are fully developed by age __ | 10 years old |
| What is the general structural plan each vertebra has? | thick,spherical to oval body with vertebral arch;vertebral body= centrum |
| Which processes on the veterbra marks the point of articulation with other vertebrae? | superior & inferior articular processes project from the vertebral arch |
| What forms the lateral and posterior margins of the vertebral foramen that surrounds part of spinal cord? | vertebral arch or neural arch |
| What are the 3 parts of the vertebral arch? | floor= posterior surface of body wall= pedicles roof = laminae |
| Which processes on the vertebra can be seen and felt through the skin of the back? | spinal or spinous process;projects from the midline of laminae |
| _____ Processes project laterally on both sides of laminae;sites of muscle attachment & articulates with ribs | transverse |
| The Superior articular process projects _____ & the inferior articular process projects ____ | Superior= cranially Inferior= caudal (towards the feet) |
| What surrounds but not completely encloses the spinal cord? | vertebral arches together form the vertebral canal |
| What separates the vertebral bodies sitting on top of each other? | 1.fibrocartilage called invertebral discs 2.gaps between pedicles |
| What permits passage of nerves running to and from spinal cord? | invertebral foramina |
| What are the smallest of vertebrae that extends from occipital bone to thoracic? | cervical vertebra |
| At which level on the vertebral column does the spinal cord still have most of the nerves that connect to the brain? | cervical |
| As you go down the vertebral column the diameter of the spinal column & vertebral arch ______ | decreases |
| Why are the cervical veterbrae small and light? | they support only the weight of the head |
| The loading increases and the vertebral bodies gradually enlarge as you move _____the vertebral column | caudally (down towards the feet) |
| What is a notched spinous process of the cervical vertebra | Bifid (cut into 2 parts) |
| What passageway protects the vertebral arteries and veins supplying the brain? | transverse foramina |
| Which cervical vertebrates are unique and modified? | C1 (atlas), C2 (axis), C7 |
| Which cervical vertebrae articulates with the occipital condyle and holds the head up? | C1 (atlas) |
| due to the joint articulation of the Atlas (C1) to the occipital condyles,what can you do? | permits nodding yes but prevents twisting |
| What are 3 differences of the Atlas (C1) when compared to other vertebrae | 1)no body 2)semicircular anterior/posterior arches with ant/post tubercles(small rounded projections) 3)oval superior articular facets/ round inferior articular facets |
| When the atlas (C1) articulates with C2 (axis),what does this allow you to do? | shake your head, no; rotation |
| The fusion of the atlas and axis creates a prominent ___ or odontoid process. | Dens (toothe) |
| Is there an invertebral disc between C1 and C2? | no, since the dens-toothe shaped process sticks out |
| A _____ ligament binds the dens to inner atlas to form a pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull | transverse |
| In a child,why can impacts or severe shaking cause dislocation of the dens/damage to spinal cord? | the fusion of dens and axis is incomplete |
| The verterbra _____ or C7 has a long slender spinous process that ends in a broad tubercle can be felt at the base of the neck. | Prominens |
| Which vertebra prominens ligament acts like a string on a bow to keep the cervical curvature when head is upright | ligament nuchae |
| Which vertebrae has a heart shaped + is more massive than the cervical vert? | 12 thoracic vertebrae; "giraffe lives in thoracic park" |
| The round vertebral foramen (hole in the middle) is _____ in the thoracic vertebrae | smaller |
| Since most of the weight is carried by the last thoracic vertebraes and the lumbar vertebrae,compression FX are common where? | last thoracic and first 2 lumbar vertebrae |
| The spinous process of T10,T11,T12 resemble those of the _____ | lumbar |
| Each _____ vertebrae articulates with ribs along the dorsolateral surfaces of its body | thoracic |
| which Thoracic vertebrae have superior and inferior costal facets since they connect with 2 pairs of ribs? | T1 to T 8 |
| Vertebrae ___ and ___ only have a single costal facet one ach side. | T9 to T12 |
| Which transverse processes are thick and have transver costal facets for articualtion with tubercles of ribs? | T1 to T10 |
| Ribs 1 to 10 contact the vettebrae at 2 points, _______ facet and ____ facet. | costal and tranverse |
| What is the result of the dual atriculation of the thoracic vertebrae and ribs? | limits the mobility of thoracic vertebrae |
| Lumbar vertebrae body is ______and the superior/inferior surfaces are ____. | thicker and oval |
| Does the Lumbar vertebrae have any articular facets on the body or transverse processes? | no |
| What are other differences in the parts of the lumbar vertebra? | 1) vertebral foramen is triangular 2)transverse process are slender and stick out dorsolaterally 3) stumpy spinous processes stick out dorsally (moose) |
| What is the most common injury in the lumbar area? | herniated disc = tear or rupture in the connective tissue of invertebral discs |
| When do the 5 sacral parts completely fuse together? | starts after puberty and is done by ages 25 to 30 |
Created by:
mich826
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