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Chapter 8 and 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the functions of the HemoGlobin? | Heme carries oxygen (oxygen is attached to protein hemog) Globin is a protein that carries heme |
| What does erythroprotein activate? | sythesis of red blood cells |
| Describe the regulation of synthesis in the red blood cell. | Decreased oxygen causes increased erythropoitein (stimulates RBC synthesis) which causes increased RBC |
| What are red blood cells broken down into? | macrophages |
| What are Globin and Heme when recycling RBC? | Globin are protein amino acids and Heme are iron + bilirum BOTH are oxygen carriers |
| Describe the first 3 types of white blood cells and the category they are in | Granulocytes 1. Neutrophils: they are phagocytes 2. Basalphils: release histamine (inflammation) and heparin (anticoagulant) 3. Eosinophils: inflammatory chemicals (allergies), toxins against worms |
| Describe the last 2 types of white blood cells | Agranulocytes 4.Lympohocytes: give intstructions to other cells on what to attack (produce antibodies, allergic reactions, graft rejection and tumor control) 5.Monocytes: become macrophage in tissues, in blood, activate lymphocytes |
| What are Platelets? | Cell fragments involved in clotting |
| What are the blood groups, their antigen and antibody? | A A anti-B B B anti-A AB A, B none O, none, anti-A, Anti-B Rh+ RH none Rh- none anti Rh |
| What is the universal Donor and Recipient? | D: O- R: AB+ |
| What are the functions of blood? | Transport Regulation (pH fluid and ion balance Temp Regulation Protection (pathogens, toxins) Tissue repair and blood loss |
| What does blood transport? | gases, nutrients, waste products, processed molecules, regulatory molecules |
| What is blood composed of and their percentages? | Fibrinogen 4% Globulins 38 % Plasma: 55 % Albumin 58 % OTHER: ions nutrients waste gases water |
| What is distilled blood? | water ()blood may also contain sodium, calcium, etc) |
| What is the difference between plasma and serum? | Serum is plasma without the clotting factors |
| Describe Hematopoiesis | •Hematompolesis = production of blood cells. site = mostly BONE MARROW |
| What 3 cells come from myeloblast? | Granulocytes: NEUTROPHIL, BASALPHIL, ESINOPHIL |
| Describe a blood clot (clotting factors). | 1.Thromboplastin released, activates PROTHROMBINASE 2. Prothrombin -> Thrombin 3.Fibrinogen -> Fibrin |
| Describe Heparin | is used to prevent clotting. it is an anticologen produced by the body and is in the liver |
| Describe removing a blood clot | Clot retraction: actin and myosin in platelets. Dissolving clot is FIBRINOLYSIS: Plasminogen activates plasmin (going 2 dissolve) this is activated by Plasminogen Activator and thrombin) |
| What is fibrinolysis? | breaking down fibrin or removing a clot |
| What are the 6 divisions of the nervous system? | 1. Central/Peripheral 2. Sensory/Motor 3.Motor: Somatic/Autonomic 4.Autonomic: (sympathetic/parasympathetic) 5. Central/Enteric 6. Gray Matter/White Matter |
| What are the 5 functions of the nervous system? | 1. Intake 2. Inegration 3.Output 4.Homeostasis 5. thought |
| Neurons | recieve stimuli, conduct action potentials, and transmit signals to other neurons or effector organs |
| Neuroglia | (Gilala cells) the nonneural cells of CNS and PNS |
| Astrocytes | supporting cells in the CNS (blood brain bawler) |
| Ependymal Cells | cells lining venticals and duct in spinal cord (filled cavities) |
| Microglia | go into brain - act as immune cells of CNS |
| Oligodendrocytes | CNS insulating axons |
| Schwann Calls | PNS insulating axons |
| Describe action potentials | ------------------ |
| Where is conduction the fastest? | in milinated cells |
| What is synapse ? | a chemical connection between 2 neurons |
| Describe neurotransmitters during synapse | 1.neurotransmitters are stored in presynaptic terminals (vesicles). 2. the space seperating pre and post is the synaptic cleft (diffusion) 3. postsynaptic membrane" membrane of dendrite or effector cell (receptors) |
| What is the Reflex arc? | (does not include brain and is not conscious!) neronal pathway by which a reflex occurs |
| What are the 5 basic components of a Reflex Arc? | 1. Sensory Receptor 2. Sensory Neuron (Perip) 3. interneuron (central) 4.motor neuron (perip) 5. Effector organ (muscle) |
| What is converging and diverging of a neuron pathway? | C: 2 or more neurons synapse with the same neuron converge into a single pathway D: axon from one neuron divides and synapses with more than one other neuron (diverge to 2 or more pathway) |
| What is Spatial and Temporal Summation in Neuron Pathways? | S: allows integrations of multiple subthreshold local potentials T: local potentials overlap in time |
| What are the 2 types of Spinal Cord motor reflexes? | 1. Stretch Reflex (knee-jerk) 2. Withdrawal Reflex (see handouts for details) |
| What does the Medulla control in the Brain? | (It is most inferior portion, continuous with spinal cord) Controls heart rate, breathing, swallowing (AUTONOMIC) |
| What does the midbrain control in the brain? | (superior to pons. smallest region of brain stem) hearing, visual reflexes (reticular formation) |
| Whats the Job of basal nuclei and cerebellum ? | balance and coordination |
| What does the left and right side of brain do? | R: controls left side (spatial perception, art music) L:controls right side (analytic math science) |
| Describe Memory | working short term long term declarative/procedural memories |
| S in B: describe Meninges | 3 connective tissue coverings: Dura (outer), arachnoid (web, int level), Pia (thin attached to brain tissue) |
| S in B: describe Ventricles | 4 spaces in brain 1. Lateral ventricles in cerebrum 2.3rd V in Diencephalon 3.4th V at base of cerebellum 4. central canal - spinal cord |
| S in B: describe Cerebrospinal Fluid | produced by Choroid Plexus of Venticles LV to 3V to 4V to subarachnoid space |
| What is the frontal lobe control? | MOTOR |
| Describe S & P of heart | S: increase rate and force P: decrease rate |
| Describe S & P of Vessels | S: constrict or dilate P: none |
| Describe S & P of Lungs | S: constrict bronchioles P: dilate bronchioles |
| Describe S & P of Eyes | S: dilate pupil, relax ciliary muscle P: constrict pupil, contract CM |
| Describe S & P of Stomach/Intestine | S: decrease motility, contract spincters P: increase motility relax sphincters |
| Describe S & P of Liver | S: break down glycogen, release glucose P: Synthesize glycogen |
| Describe S & P of Adipose | S: breakdown fat P: - |
| Describe S & P of Adrenal | S: secrete epinephrine , norepinephrine P: none |
| Describe S & P of Sweat Glands | S: secrete sweat P: none |
| Describe S & P of Salivary glands | S: thick P: watery saliva |
| Describe S & P of urin. Bladder | S: relax muscle. constrict sphincter P: contract muscle, relax spincter |
| Describe S & P of Pancreas | S: decrease digestive enz and insulin P: increase digestive enz and insulin |
Created by:
corrina_
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