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Tissues Chapter 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| epithelial tissue | sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity |
| apical surface | upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ |
| basal surface | surface near lower side or bottom of a structure |
| microvilli | fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane |
| basal lamina | adjacent to basal surface; thin supporting sheet |
| reticular lamina | layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen protein fibers that belongs to the underlying connective tissue |
| basement membrane | reinforces the epithelial sheet, helps it resist stretching and tearing, defines epithelial boundary |
| simple epithelia | single cell layer, found where secretion, absorption, and filtration occur |
| stratified epithelia | composed of two or more layers stacked on top of each other, common in high-abrasion areas like skin |
| squamous epithelia cells | flattened and scale-like |
| cuboidal epithelia cells | boxlike, tall as they are wide |
| columnar epithelia cells | tall and column shaped |
| pseudostratifed epithelium | false impression that several cell layers are present |
| transitional epithelium | forms the lining of hollow urinary organs |
| endocrine gland | ductless glands |
| exocrine gland | secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities |
| merocrine gland | secrete their products by exocytosis as they are produced |
| holocrine gland | accumulate their products within them until they rupture |
| apocrine gland | accumulate their products just only beneath free surface, present in animals |
| vascularity | rich supply of blood vessels |
| ground substance | unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers |
| collagen fibers | constructed mostly of fibrous protein collagen |
| elastic fibers | long, thin, form branching networks in extracellular matrix |
| reticular fibers | short, fine, collagenous fibers with slightly different chemistry and form |
| blast cells | immature cells |
| cyte cells | mature cells |
| mast cells | cluster along blood vessels, detect foreign microorganisms and initiate local inflammatory responses against them |
| macrophage | large, irregularly shaped cells that avidly devour a broad variety of foreign materials |
| areolar connective tissue | support and bind other tissues, holding body against fluids, defending against infection, storing nutrients as fat in adipocytes |
| mesenchyme | common embryonic tissue, has fluid ground substance containing fine sparse fibers and star shaped mesenchymal cells. |
| lamina propia | line body cavities open to the exterior |
| adipose tissue | nutrient storing ability is much greater than areolar tissue |
| adipocyte | fat cells |
| brown adipose tissue | contains abundant mitochondria, which use the lipid fuels to heat the bloodstream to warm the body |
| reticular connective tissue | only fibers in its matrix are reticular fibers which form a delicate network along which fibroblasts called reticular cells are scattered |
| stroma | "bed" internal framework that can support many free blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow |
| myofilament | elaborate networks of the actin and myosin filaments that bring about movement or contraction in all cell types |
| voluntary muscle | contraction is under our conscious control |
| involuntary muscle | unconsciously controlled |
| muscle fiber | long, cylindrical cells that contain many peripherally located nuclei |
| intercalated discs | branching cells that fit together tightly at unique junctions |
| neuron | highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses |
| cutaneous membrane | skin |
| mucous membrane | line all body cavities that open to the outside of the body |
| serous membrane (serosae) | moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities |
| serous fluid | lubricates the facing surfaces of the parietal and visceral layers so they slide across each other easily |
| scar tissue | formed when dense connective tissue proliferates |
| scab | part of the clot exposed to air quickly dries and hardens |
| granulation tissue | delicate pink tissue that contains capillaries that grow in from nearby areas and lay down a new capillary bed |
| dense regular connective tissue | contains closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction, parallel to the direction of the pull |
| tendon | attaches muscle to bone |
| ligaments | connects bones |
| fascia | layers of fibrous tissue covering and separating muscle |
| dense irregular connective tissue | bundles of collagen fibers are much thicker and they are arranged irregularly; if they run in more than one plane |
| hyaline cartilage | gristle, most abundant cartilage in the body... matrix appears glassy blue-white when viewed by the unaided eye |
| elastic cartilage | lots of elastic fibers, found where strength and exceptional stretchability are needed |
| fibrocartilage | rows of chondrocytes alternate with rows of thick collagen fibers, found where strong support and the ability to stand heavy pressure are required, cartilage |
| osseous tissue | bone, has exceptional ability to support and protect body structures |
| osteoblasts | produce organic portion of the matrix and the bone salts are deposited on and between fibers |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells, reside in the lacunae with the matrix they have made |
| osteon | formed of concentric rings of bony matrix surrounding central canals containing the blood vessels and nerves serving the bone |
| erythrocyte | red blood cells |
| endothelium | inner covering, provides a slick friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and in all hollow organs of cardiovascular system |
| mesothelium | middle covering, found in serous membranes, lines the ventral body cavity and coverings its organs |
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