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Respiration-Anatomy
Anatomical Parts of the Respiratory System
Question | Answer |
---|---|
vertebral column | composed of vertebral segments combined to form a strong but flexible column; the structure from which the entire thorax is suspended, doubles as a conduit for the spinal cord |
spinal column | provides the points of attachment for numerous muscles by means of various processes; houses the spinal cord, with spinal nerves emerging and entering the spinal cord through spaces between the vertebrae |
Five divisions of the vertebral column | cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx |
pelvic girdle | part of bony thorax; located at the base of the vertebral column; structure that attaches legs to the vertebral column |
pectoral girdle | part of bony thorax; permits attachment of upper extremities to the vertebra column; comprised of the scapula and clavicle |
scapula | part of pectoral girdle (which is part of bony thorax); shoulder blade |
clavicle | also, “collarbone,” part of pectoral girdle (which is part of bony thorax); provides the anterior support for the shoulder |
sternum | part of bony thorax; “breastbone;” anterior place of attachment for the ribs |
bony thorax | comprised of the pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle), the sternum, the ribs and their attachments to the vertebral column, and the pelvic girdle; the cavity in which the lungs are located |
trachea | part of visceral thorax; provides communication between the external and internal environments; part of the bronchial passageway |
carina | site of the first bifurcation of the trachea into the two mainstem bronchi |
esophagus | a long collapsed tube running behind and adjacent to the trachea; provides the conduit to the digestive system |
esophagus | retains its collapsed condition except when occupied by a bolus of food; passageway through which a bolus of food is propelled by gravity and peristaltic contractions to the stomach |
bronchial tree | characterized by increasingly smaller tubes as one progresses into the depths of the lungs |
terminal bronchiole | final tube in the bronchial tree; end tube; smaller than 1 mm in diameter; location of alveoli |
alveoli | minute air sacs located deep within the lungs; where gas exchange happens; characterized by extremely thin membrane which is permeable to both oxygen and carbon dioxide given proper circumstances |
alveolus | also, air sac; the point where carbon dioxide is translated out of the blood stream and oxygen is translated into the bloodstream; has extremely thin wall which promotes rapid transfer of gas across the membrane |
surfactant | produced by some cells; a substance which reduces the surface tension to keep the alveoli from collapsing during respiration |
pleural lining | provides a mechanism for translating the force of thorax enlargement into inspiration |
Two types of pleural linings | visceral (covering the lungs) and parietal (covering other structures) |
Types of parietal pleurae | thoracic, mediastinal, pericardial, diaphragmatic, costal, apical |
pleurisy | a condition in which the pleural linings of the thoracic cavity are inflamed or lack of lubricants |
diaphragm | primary muscle of respiration; takes the form of an inverted bowl; striated muscles; has attachments along the lower margin of the rib cage, sternum, and vertebral column |
abdominal aponeurosis | sheet-like tendon that comprises the central tendon of the diaphragm |