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What is the ratio of formalin to soft tissue?
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List the steps included in a patient's signalment?
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Anamoty Final
PMI-VTT Anamoty 235 Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the ratio of formalin to soft tissue? | 10:1 |
| List the steps included in a patient's signalment? | Name, age, sex, breed, color, species, owner's name |
| List the 4 types of body tissues | Connective, epithelial, nervous, muscle |
| What is the ratio of formalin to bone? | 20:1 |
| List 3 types of epithelial tissue | Simple Squamous, Simple Cuboidal, Simple Columnar, Stratified Squamous, Stratified Cuboidal, Pseudostratified, Columnar, Transitional, Glandular |
| ___ relys on connective tissue to supply oxygen & nutrients, and lacks blood vessels and capillaries. | Epithelial tissue |
| ___ produces mucus | Goblet cells |
| _____ are found only in the bladder. | Transitional epithelial cells |
| what are 3 types of connective tissue? (not blood or bone) | Cartilage, Dense, & loose |
| List 3 locations where simple squamous epithelial tissue can be found? | Capillaries, alveoli, kidneys, Parital & Vasceral Pleura, & Parietal & Visceral Peritoneum |
| Connective tissue is made of what 3 elements? | Fibers, cells, matrix (protein fibers embedded in fluid) |
| This white tissue connects skin to organs? | Areola |
| List 3 types of dense connective tissue and where they can be found. | Dense regular, dense irregular, elastic. Can be found in heart valves & bone periosteum |
| What is the most abundant type of cartlige found in the body? | Hyaline, the weakest form |
| What are the 3 types of muscle? | Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac |
| Histamine & Heprin are produced by what? | Mast Cells |
| Produced by ___________, this tough, fibrous, waterproof protein gives skin it's strengh. | Keratinocytes |
| Found in the deepest epidermal layers, this produces melanin which is absorbed by keratinocytes. | Melanocytes |
| This cell originates in the bone, stimulates aspects of the immune system and is specific to the epidermis. | Langerhans cell |
| believed to aid in sensation of touch, this cell is found at the epidermal-dermal junction. | Merkel cell |
| Sebum is composed of? | Mixture of fats, cholesterol, proteins and inorganic salts. |
| this gland use ducts & follicles to secrete it's substances. | Sebaceous glands (sweat glands) |
| Eccrine sweat glands use ___ to reach the surface of the skin. | ducts |
| Apocrine sweat glands use ___ to reach the surface of the skin. | hair follicle |
| How does Vitamin D Synthesis work? | Liver and kidneys help convert UV light to calcitriol, (active form of Vit. D), which aids in the absorption of calcium. |
| This epithelial cell can be found in the respiratory tract | Pseudostratified Columnar |
| Cubodial epithelial cells can be found where? | Exocrine glands |
| This cell produces mucus and is found in the GI tract. | Goblet cells |
| theses cells make up the skin & mucus membranes | Stratified squamous |
| These cells line the small intestine. | Simple columnar |
| ___ connects muscle to bone? | Tendons |
| The most prominent aponeurosis is the? | Linea Alba |
| Site of muscle attachment that is more stable. | Origin |
| The site of muscle attachment that undergoes the most movement during contraction. | Insertion |
| Muscle fibers store glucose as _____ and oxygen as ______. | glycogen, myoglobin |
| What are the two types of smooth muscle? | viceral & multiunit smooth muscle |
| Latissimus dorsi- | flexes the shoulder |
| Brachiocephalicus- | advances the limb or draws the head laterally |
| Superficial pectoral- | adducts and advances the limb |
| Brachialis- | flexes the elbow |
| Triceps brachii- | extends the elbow, the long head flexes the shoulder. |
| Diaphragm- | separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities, main muscle of respiration. |
| Superficial Gluteal- | abducts the limb. |
| Semimembranosus- | Inserts into the femur & tibia. |
| Semitendinosus- | Inserts into the tibia. |
| Lies above the vertebral column and supports the spine. | Epaxials |
| Smooth muscle can be found in what locations? | In the walls of hollow organs, small blood vessels, Air passageways in the lungs & iris & ciliary body of the eye. |
| ____ creates a funnel to collect sound wave vibrations and directs them to the eardrum. | Pinna (external ear) |
| What is the function of the middle ear? | Amplify and transmit the vibrations from the eardrum. |
| ____ contains the sensory receptors that convet mechanical vibrations to nerve impulses. | inner ear |
| What are the 3 ossicles? | Malleus, incus, stapes |
| Humans and pigs lack what part of the eye? | Tapetum lucidum, reflective layer at the rear of the eye formed by the choroid; provides ability to have "night vision" |
| The location where the image is formed, sensed & converted to a nerve impulse. | Retina |
| The transparent "window" that admits light into the eye. | Cornea |
| The lens is held in place by what? | Ciliary body |
| ____ is the white portion of the eye? | Sclera |
| ____ is the colored ring of the eye? | Iris |
| _____ is the opening at the center of the eye? | Pupal |
| Rods & Cones are located where? | Retina |
| Equalibrium is controlled by what? | Vestibule & semi-circular canals |
| Cones are? | More sensitive to color and detail |
| Rods are? | More sensitive to light and produce a grainy image in shades of gray. |
| List 4 types of stimuli. | Mechanical (touch, hearing, balance), thermal (hot,cold), electromagnetic (vision), chemical (taste, smell) |
| What are the 5 pain classifications? | Superficial, Deep, Visceral, Acute, Chronic |
| Define proprioception | A sense of body position and movement. |
| Sense of taste. | Gustatory |
| The majority of taste buds are located where? | On the sides of the papillae of the tongue. |
| Sense of smell. | Olfactory sense |
| Sense of hearing | Auditory sense |
| What are the parts of the external ear? | Pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane |
| What are the parts of the middle ear? | Temporal bones, 3 ossicles, tympanic membrane, cochlea, air, eustachian tubeOssicles link the tympanic membrane to the cochlea |
| What is the eustachian/auditory tube? | Connects the middle ear cavity to the pharynx, to equalize air pressure on either side of the ear drum. |
| Within the cochlea is the fluid-filled ____ , (containing endolymph) which is the receptor organ of hearing. | organ of corti |
| The mechanical sense that controls balance? | Equalibrium |
| Located medially between the eyelids and the eyeball | Nictitating Membrane |
| The ______ produces tears, located dorsal and lateral to each eye inside the bony orbits protecting the eye. | Lacrimal glands |
| Condition when the lower eye lid is excessiveand droops outward. | Ectropion |
| Ectropion is common in what breeds? | Bassets, Bloodhounds, Cockers, English bulldogs, & St. Bernards. |
| A condition when the lower eye lid droops over the lower orbital rim and inverts. | Entropion |
| Breeds predisposed to Entropion are? | Collies, Great Danes, Irish setters, Dobies, Golden retrievers, Rotties, & Weimaraners. |
| Name the 2 digestive enzymes found in saliva. | Alamayse & lipase |
| Peristolisis is what funciton? | the contractions used to move food down the esophagus and intestines. |
| List the 5 parts of the stomach in order. | Cardiac sphincter, fundus, body, pylorus, pyloric sphincter |
| The colon, aka large intestine has 3 parts, what are they? | Acending, transverse, and decending colon |
| G-cells secrete what? | Gastrin |
| Parietl cells produce what enzyme | Hydrochloric acid (HCL) |
| Cheif cells are responsibe for the production of what digestive enzyme? | Pepsinogen |
| This digestive liquid is created in the liver and stored in the _____________? | Bile, gall bladder |
| Which gland secretes insulin and glycogen? | Pancreas |
| What are the 4 functional parts of the kidney (in order)? What is it called? | Renal corpusle, PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT; Nephron |
| Ethylene Glycol toxicity is caused from? What are the minimun doses for a dog? Cat? | Antifreeze; dog = 4.4-6.6mg/kg; cat = 1.4mg/kg |
| Diabetes Insibidus is caused by a decrease in the production of this? | Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH) |
| Diabetes Mellitus is caused by a decrease in the production of this? | Insulin |
| These hormones regulate the fluid levels in the body. | ADH & Aldosterone |
| Urine specifc gravity that is close to or equal to that of water would indicate? | Isothenuria |
| ___ is a buildip of toxins in the body. | Azotemia |
| What would you expect to see under microscope observation of a urinary test with a positive nitrate. | Bacteria |
| List the five "C's" | Critters, casts, crystals, cells, CRAP |
| ____ casts are the most commy type seen. | Granular Casts |
| Crystal formatin is the bladder is highly dependent on what 3 factors? | pH level & diet |
| You immature sperm are called ____ and are produced in the _______. | Grem cells, testies |
| Sperm mature into adults in the ____. | Semi-nephrous tubules |
| The production of testosterone takes place in the?? | Testicles |
| This chemical stimulates the creation of testosterone. | Leutinizing Hormone (LH) |
| This hormone stimulates the creation of sperm. | Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
| This gland controls the estrous cycle. | Pituitary Gland |
| The follicle produces what hormone? | Estrogen |
| The release of this hormone causes ovulation to occur. | Leutinizing Hormone (LH) |
| What are the gestation periods of the dog & cat? | Dog = 57-63 days; cat = 65 days |
| The Corups Lutem produces ____ which maintains pregnancy. | Progesterone |
| The post-pituitary gland produces ___ when in the presence of estrogen causes uterine contractions? | Oxytocin |
| The Anterior-pituitary gland produces ___ which controls milk produciton and maintains the CL duing pregnancy. | Prolactin |
| List 6 major Endocrine glands. | Ovaries, testies, adrenal gland, thyroid, pituitary, kidneys, pancreas |
| What six hormones are produced by the Anterior Pituitary Gland? | LH, FSH, ACTH, GH, Prolactin, & TSH |
| The _______ does not secrete hormones but stores ___ & ___? | Posterior Pituitary Gland; ADH & Oxytocin |
| The thyroid & para-thyroid glands produce what 3 hormones? | T3, T4 & Calcitonin |
| ___, _____ & ____ are produced by the Adrenal cortex. | Glucocorticoid, Mineralocorticoid, & sex hormones |
| List the 3 glucocorticoids. | Cortisone, cortisol, & corticosterone |
| Aldosterone is a ____. | Mineralocorticoid |
| The "Fight or Flight response" is controlled by ___ & ____ produced by _____. | Epinephrine, Norepinephrine; Adrenal Medulla |
| Increased production of cortisol is an indication of what disease? | Cushing's Disease |
| A decrease in cortisol production is an indication of what disease? | Addison's Disease |
| What are the 4 heart chambers? | Right & left Atrium, Right & left ventricle |
| Which vessel brings deoxygenated blood into the heart? | Vena Cava |
| What valve seperates the right atrium & ventricle? | Tricuspid valve |
| Which valve seperates the left atrium & left ventricle? | Bicuspid valve |
| Which chamber receives oxygenaged blood from the lungs? | Left atrium |
| Which vessel pumps oxygenated blood from the heart into the body? | Aorta |
| Which valve seperates the aorta & the left ventricle? | Aortic semilunar valve |
| The other name for the "Pace-maker" of the heart? | Sinoatrial Node (SA node) |
| What are the 2 layers of the pericardium? | Fibrous (outer) & Serious (inner) |
| The "Lub" sound is produced by which valve? | Tricuspid & mitral valves (R & L AV) |
| The "Dub" sound is produced by which valve? | Semi-lunar valves |
| The "contraction" of the cardiac muscle is? | Systole (depolarization) |
| The period of relaxation is called? | Dyastole (repolarization) |
| What is Cardiac output? | The amount of blood that leaves the heart. |
| Cardiac output is determined by ____ & _____. | Stroke volume & heart rate |
| The electrical impulse travels from the AV node,to the specialized fibers in the ventricles called ___ & the ___. | the bundle of His, Purkinje fibers |
| Define DEPOLARIZATION: | A heart muscle contraction in response to electrical stimuli. |
| Define REPOLARIZATION: | heart muscle relaxation occurs when the electrolytes move back across the cell membrane rendering the cell ready for the next electrical impulse. |
| What joins vessels between arteries and veins to form an extensive network? | Capillaries, allow gas and nutrient exchange |
| Define phonation: | Voice production |
| ___ stretch across the lumen of the larynx and vibrate as air passes over them. | Vocal cords |
| The ___ & ____ separate the nasal passages from the mouth. | Hard & soft palates |
| Thin, scroll-like bones that help warm and humidify inspired air. | Turbinates |
| The larynx is supported in place by the ___. | hyoid bone |
| The trachea is composed of ____ ___ and ___ ___ held open by ___ ___rings. | fibrous tissue, smooth muscle, hyline cartilage |
| External respiration takes place in? | The alveoli |
| The mediastinum contains? | Heart, large lung vessels, nerves, trachea, Esophagus, Lymphatic vessels & lymph nodes |
| The left lung has how many lobes? | 2 lobes |
| The right lung has how many lobes? | 4 lobes (cranial, middle, caudal & accessory) |
| The amount of air inspired and expired in one breath | Tidal Volume |
| The amount of volume inspired and expired in one minute. | Minute Volume |
| Spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm accompanied by sudden closure of the glottis. | Hiccups |
| Composed of the brain and spinal cord. | Central nervous system (CNS) |
| Consists of cord-like nerves that link the CNS with the rest of the body. | Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
| Structurally and functionally supports and protects neurons. | Glial cells |
| Receive stimuli, or impulses, from other neurons and conduct the stimulation to the cell body. | Dendrites |
| Conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body toward another neuron or effecter cell. | Axons |
| The basic functional units of the nervous system and has a high requirement for oxygen. | Neurons |
| Nerves of the PNS that originate directly from the brain. | Cranial Nerves |
| Nerves of the PNS that originate from the spinal cord. | Spinal Nerves |
| The ___ is the junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell. | synapse |
| List the three Catacholamines | Norepinepherine, Epinepherine, Dopamine |
| Associated with the “fight-or-flight” reactions of the sympathetic nervous system. | Norepinepherine |
| Released primarily from the adrenal medulla to participate in the “fight-or-flight” response. | Epinepherine |
| Involved in autonomic functions and muscle control, Low ___ = Parkinson’s disease. | dopamine |
| List the sections of the brain. | Cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord, pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus |
| Responsible for higher-order behaviors (example: learning) | Cerebrum |
| Allows the body to have coordinated movement. | Cerebellum |
| Diencephalon houses ___ that regulates hormone production and release. | pituitary gland |
| Interface between the nervous and endocrine systems, regulates temperature, hunger & thurst. | Hypothalamus |
| Involved in the control of functions like swallowing, vomiting, blood pressure, & respiration. | Brainstem |
| Separates the capillaries in the brain from the nervous tissue. Stops drugs from effecting the brain, but allows to work on the body. | Blood-brain barrier |
| lymph node is divided into a ___ and a ___. | cortex & medulla |
| Locations of palpable lymph nodes? | Submandibular, Parotid, Superficial cervical, Inguinal, Popliteal |
| Organs of the lymphatic system? | Spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils, GALT |
| What is GALT | Gut-Associated Lymph Tissue, 25% of the intestinal mucosa and submucosa |
| These cells kill many types of tumor cells and tissue cells that have been invaded by viruses. | Natural killer cells |
| Responsible for cell-mediated immunity and activating B-cells | T-cells |
| Most of the lymphocytes in peripheral blood are? | T-cells |
| Each ___ is preprogrammed to produce only one specific antibody type against one specific antigen. | B-cell |
| ___ are ultimately responsible for antibody production. | B-cells |
| What are Kupffer cells? | filter bacteria in the liver, liver specific |
| The liver metabolizes carbs by converting excess glucose into ___ for storage. | glycogen |
| Glycogenolysis is under the influence of the hormone. | Glucagon |
| ____ is one of the most important alpha globulins produced by the liver. | Prothrombin |
| What are the structures of the urinary tract? | Kidneys, ureters, bladder & urethra |
| Function of the diuresis is under the control of? | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone |
| erythropoietin & prostaglandins are produced by what organ? | Kidneys |
| Osmosis- | the passage of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a weaker to a stronger solution. |
| Diffusion- | the passage of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
| Glucose threshold of a dog? Cat? | Dogs: 180 mg/dl Cats: 240 mg/ml |
| ___ & ___ are responsible for the majority of urine volume regulation. | aldosterone & ADH |
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