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T1 Anatomy Quiz 2
NWCC Winter 2011 Anatomy Quiz 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four muscles of the posterior thigh compartment? | Semitendinosus; Semimembranosus; Biceps Femoris (Long and Short Head); Popliteus |
| The Semitendinosus muscle is in the ___ portion of the posterior thigh. | Medial |
| Semitendinosus is medial to what muscle? | Biceps Femoris |
| What is the origin of the Semitendinosus muscle? | Ischial Tuberosity |
| What is the insertion of the Semitendinosus muscle? | Anterior Proximal Tibial Shaft |
| The functions of the Semitendinosus are ____ of the femur; ___ of the knee; ___ rotation of the tibia when the knee is flexed. | Extension; flexion; medial. |
| What nerve innervates the Semitendinosus muscle? | Sciatic - Tibial division |
| The Semimembranosus muscle is deep to what muscle? | Semitendinosus |
| Semimembranosus lies in the ___ portion of the posterior thigh. | Medial |
| What is the origin of the Semimembranosus muscle? | Ischial Tuberosity |
| What is the insertion of the Semimembranosus muscle? | Posterior Medial Condyle of the Tibia |
| The functions of the Semimembranosus are ____ of the femur; ___ of the knee; ___ rotation of the tibia when the knee is flexed. | Extension; flexion; medial. |
| What nerve innervates Semimembranosus? | Sciatic - Tibial division |
| The Biceps Femoris has two heads; what are they? Which is more superficial? | Long Head and Short Head. Long head. |
| Biceps femoris-long head originates where? | Ischial Tuberosity |
| Where are insertions of biceps femoris-long head | Lateral head of the Fibula; Lateral Condyle of the Tibia |
| The actions of biceps femoris-long head are ___ of the knee; ___ rotation of the tibia when the knee is ____; and ____ of the femur. | Flexion; Lateral; flexed; Extension. |
| What nerve innervates biceps femoris-long head? | Sciatic - Tibial division |
| Where is the origin of the Short Head of the Biceps Femoris? | Linea Aspera of the Femur |
| Where is the insertion of the short head of the Biceps Femoris? | Lateral head of the Fibula; Lateral Condyle of the Tibia |
| The action of the short head of the biceps femoris is ____ of the knee; and ___ rotation of Tibia when the knee is ____. | Flexion; lateral; flexed. |
| The innervation of biceps femoris-short head is what? | Sciatic - Fibular division |
| The Popliteus muscle is on the posterior ____ thigh. | Inferior |
| The origin of the Popliteus muscle is where? | Lateral Condyle of the Femur |
| The insertion of the Popliteus muscle is where? | Posterior Proximal Tibial Shaft |
| The Popliteus muscle is involved in ___ rotation of the femur to 'unlock' the ____ knee to initiate knee _____. It also assists in ____ rotation of the tibia when the knee is ____." | Lateral; extended; flexion. Medial; flexed. |
| What innervates the popliteus? | Tibial Nerve |
| Sciatic nerve divides into what two branches? | Tibial Nerve; Common Fibular. |
| The Common Fibular Nerve eventually divides into what two branches? | Superficial Common Fibular; Deep Fibular |
| The Femoral Artery goes through the Adductor ___ and it becomes the ____ . It then splits deep to the ____ muscle into the Anterior and Posterior ____ . The Posterior ____ artery then branches off into the ____. | Hiatus; Popliteus Artery. Soleal; Tibial Artery. Tibial; Fibular Artery. |
| What are the 6 muscles in the Posterior Leg? | Gastrocnemius; Plantaris; Soleus; Tibialis Posterior; Flexor Digitorum Longus; Flexor Hallucis Longus |
| The Gastrocnemius muscle has what two heads? | Medial and Lateral |
| Gastrocnemius is the most ___ muscle of the posterior leg. | Superficial |
| What is directly below the Gastrocnemius muscle? | Soleus |
| Where is the origin of the Medial head of the Gastrocnemius? | Medial Epicondyle of the Femur |
| Where is the origin of the lateral head of the Gastrocnemius? | Lateral Epicondyle of the Femur |
| Where is the insertion of both heads of gastrocnemius? | Calcaneus via the Calcaneal tendon |
| What is another name for the Calcaneal tendon? | Tendo Achilles |
| The action of the Gastrocnemius is _____ of the ankle and assists ____ of the knee. | Plantarflexion; Flexion |
| The innervation of the Gastrocnemius is what? | Tibial Nerve |
| The Soleus muscle is deep to what muscle? It is superficial to what three muscles? | Gastrocnemius. Flexor Hallucis Longus; Flexor Digitorum Longus; Tibialis Posterior Muscle |
| What are the 3 origins of the Soleus muscle? | The soleal line of the Tibia; Posterior Head of the Fibula; Upper Shaft of the Fibula |
| The insertion of the Soleus is where? | Calcaneus via the Calcaneal Tendon |
| What innervates the soleus? | Tibial Nerve. |
| What are the actions of the soleus? | Plantarflexion of the ankle |
| The Plantaris muscle originates where? | Lateral Epicondyle of the Femur |
| Plantaris inserts where? | Calcaneus via the Calcaneal Tendon. |
| Plantaris assists ___ of the ankle and ____ of the knee. | Plantarflexion; flexion |
| What innervates plantaris? | Tibial Nerve |
| What 3 muscles attach to the Calcaneal Tendon? | Gastrocnemius; Soleus; Plantaris |
| What are the origins of the Tibialis Posterior muscle? | Posterior Tibia; Posterior Fibula; Interosseous Membrane |
| What are the two insertions for Tibialis Posterior? | Navicular Tarsal Bone; Adjacent tarsals and metatarsals on plantar surface |
| What are the actions of Tibialis Posterior? | Inversion of the foot; assists in Plantarflexion of the ankle |
| What is the nerve that inervates tibialis posterior? | Tibial Nerve |
| What is the origin of the Flexor Digitorum Longus? | The Posterior Tibia |
| What is the insertion for the Flexor Digitorum Longus? | Distal Phalanges of 4 lateral toes (PLANTAR SURFACE) |
| The Flexor Digitorum Longus muscle is involved in the ____ of the 4 lateral toes at the ____ joints. | Flexion; IP |
| Flexor digitorum longus assists____ of 4 lateral toes at ____ joints. | Flexion; MP |
| Flexor digitorum longus also assists ____ of the ankle. | Plantarflexion |
| What innervates flexor digitorum longus? | Tibial Nerve |
| What is the origin of the Flexor Hallucis Longus? | Posterior Fibula |
| What is the insertion of the Flexor Hallucis Longus? | Distal Phalanx of great toe; plantar surface |
| What 3 actions does flexor hallucis longus have? | Flexion of the great toe at MP joint; Flexion of great toe at IP joint; Assists Plantarflexion of ankle. |
| What is the nerve for flexor hallucis longus? | Tibial Nerve |
| What are the 2 muscles of the lower leg lateral compartment? | Fibularis Longus; Fibularis Brevis |
| The origin of the Fibularis Longus is what? | Head and lateral shaft of Fibula (2/3) |
| What is the insertion of the Fibularis Longus? | Base of 1st metatarsal (plantar surface) and medial cuneiform tarsal bone (plantar surface). |
| What is the action of fibularis longus? | Eversion of the foot; assists in plantarflexion of the ankle |
| What is the nerve of fibularis longus? | Superficial Fibular Nerve (L5; S1) |
| The Fibularis Brevis muscle originates where? | Lateral shaft of the fibula |
| The insertion of fibularis brevis is? | Base of the 5th metatarsal (lateral surface) |
| What 2 actions does fibularis brevis have? | Eversion of the foot; Assists Plantarflexion of the ankle |
| What is the nerve of fibularis brevis? | Superfical Fibular N (L5;S1) |
| The most superficial muscle in gluteal region is what muscle? | Gluteus Maximus |
| Immediately deep to gluteus maximus is what muscle? | Gluteus Medius |
| The third deepest muscle that makes up the gluteal group is what muscle? | Gluteus Minimus |
| The 3 origins of the Gluteus Maximus are? | Posterior Sacrum; Ilium (sacrotuberous lig.); Posterior (Superior) Gluteal Line of the Ilium |
| What are the 2 insertions of the Gluteus Maximus? | Gluteal Tuberosity of femur; Iliotibial Tract |
| What are the 2 actions of the Gluteus Maximus? | Extension of the femur; lateral rotation of the extended hip |
| What is the nerve for gluteus maximus? | Inferior Gluteal Nerve (L5; S1; S2) |
| What are the 2 origins of the Gluteus Medius muscle? | Iliac Crest; Illium (between superior and anterior gluteal lines) |
| What is the insertion of the Gluteus Medius muscle? | Greater trochanter of the femur |
| What are the 2 actions of the Gluteus Medius? | Abduction of the femur; ANTERIOR FIBERS-medial rotation of femur |
| What is the nerve of gluteus medius? | Superior Gluteal Nerve |
| What is the origin of the Gluteus Minimus? Between what two lines? | Posterior Ilium; between the anterior (middle) and inferior gluteal lines |
| Where is the insertion of gluteus minimus? | Anterior surface of the greater trochanter of the femur |
| What are the 2 actions of gluteus minimus? | Abduction; medial rotation of the femur |
| What is the nerve for gluteus minimus? | Superior Gluteal Nerve |
| The Tensor Fasciae Latae originates where? | Iliac crest-posterior to anterior iliac spine |
| Where does tensor fasciae latae insert? | Iliotibial tract |
| Where does the Iliotibial tract eventually attach? | Lateral condyle of the tibia |
| The actions of the Tensor Fascia Latae are ___ of the femur; ____ of the femur; ____ rotation of the femur; stability of the ___ knee in standing and ambulation; and ___ of the knee. | Flexion; abduction; medial; extended; extension. |
| The nerve of tensor fasciae latae is? | Superior Gluteal Nerve |
| The Quadratus Lumborum originates where? | Iliac Crest of the Ilium (internal lip) |
| What are the two insertions for quadratus lumborum? | Inferior margin of 12th rib; 1-4 Transverse Processes of lumbar vertebrae |
| Actions of quadratus lumborum are lateral ___ of trunk to same side. ____ of pelvis to same side if thorax and vertebral column are fixed. Stabilization of ___ rib during inspiration. | Flexion. Elevation. 12th |
| Quadratus lumborum is innervated by what branches? | T12; L1-L4 spinal nerves |
| L1-L4 spinal nerves are given what specific name? | Ventral Rami |
| How many deep lateral rotators of the femur do we have? | 6 |
| Name 6 deep lateral rotators from superior to inferior. | Piriformis; Superior Gemellus; Obturator Internus; Inferior Gemellus; Obturator Externus; Quadratus Femoris |
| The Piriformus muscle originates where? | Pelvic surface of the sacrum |
| Piriformis inserts where? | Greater trochanter of the femur |
| The nerve for piriformis? | Sacral Plexus |
| The actions of piriformis? | Laterally rotate the hip joint; abduction when the hip is flexed |
| The Superior Gemellus originates where? | Spine of the Ischium |
| Superior gemellus inserts where? | Greater trochanter of the femur |
| What is the nerve of superior gemellus? | Sacral Plexus |
| What are the actions of superior gemellus? | Laterally rotate the hip joint; Abduction when the hip is flexed |
| The Obturator Internus lies between what two muscles? | Superior and Inferior Gemellus |
| Obturator internus originates at what two places? | Interal or pelvic surface of the obturator membrane; margin of the obturator foramen. |
| Obturator internus inserts where? | Greater trochanter of the femur |
| What is the nerve for obturator internus? | Sacral Plexus |
| What are the actions of obturator internus? | Laterally rotate the hip joint; abduction when the hip is flexed |
| The inferior Gemellus orginates where? | Ischial Tuberosity |
| Inferior gemellus inserts where? | Greater Trochanter of the femur |
| The nerve of inferior gemellus? | Sacral Plexus |
| What are the actions of inferior gemellus? | Laterally rotate the hip joint; abduction when the knee is flexed |
| The Obturator Externus originates at what two places? | Rami of pubis and ischium; external surface of the obturator membrane |
| Obturator externus inserts where? | Greater trochanter of the femur |
| What innervates obturator externus? | Obturator Nerve |
| What are the actions of obturator externus? | Lateral rotate the hip joint; ADDUCTION of hip joint |
| The Quadratus Femoris originates where? | Ischial Tuberosity |
| Quadratus femoris inserts where? | Quadrate Line |
| What innervates quadratus femoris? | Sacral Plexus; |
| What are the actions of quadratus femoris? | Laterally rotate the hip joint; adduction of the hip joint |
| The Sacrotuberous ligament is situated at the lower and back part of the ___. | Pelvis |
| It runs from the ___ to the ___. | Sacrum; Ischial Tuberosity |
| The Pes Anserinous is the insertion of 3 tendons from 3 muscles onto the ____ surface of the proximal tibia. What 3 muscles? | Anteromedial. Sartorius; Gracilis; SemiTendinosus. |
| The ___ muscle is the longest muscle in the body. | Sartorius |
| The origin of sartorius is where? | Anterior Superior Iliac Spine |
| The insertion of sartorius is where? | Upper medial shaft of the tibia |
| Sartorius assists ____ of femur; ____ of the femur; ___ rotation of the femur; ___ of the knee and assists ___ rotation of the tibia when the knee is ____ and foot is unweighted. | Flexion; abduction; lateral; flexion; medial; flexed |
| Sartorius is innervated by what nerve? | Femoral Nerve |
| The Quadriceps Femoris is made up of what 4 muscles? | Rectus Femoris; Vastus Medialis; Vastus Intermedius; Vastus Lateralis. |
| The common action for the quadriceps femoris muscles is what? | Extension of the knee |
| The Rectus Femoris is the most ____. It crosses both the ____ joint and the ___ joint. It is involved in ____ (action). | Superficial. Knee joint and hip joint. Walking. |
| The origins of rectus femoris are the anterior ____ iliac spine and the ilium at the upper rim of the ____. | Inferior; acetabulum. |
| The insertions of rectus femoris are what two things? | Patella and Tibial Tuberosity (via the Patellar ligament). |
| The two actions of rectus femoris are? | Extension of the knee; assists in flexion of the femur. |
| The nerve for rectus femoris? | Femoral Nerve |
| The Vastus Medialis is medial to the ______. | Rectus Femoris. |
| Vastus medialis originates at what two places? | Linea Aspera and Intertrochanteric line of the femur |
| Vastus medialis inserts at what two places? | Patella; Tibial Tuberosity via the Patellar Ligament |
| What is the action of vastus medialis? | Extension of the knee |
| What is the nerve for vastus medialis? | Femoral Nerve. |
| The Vastus ___ is deep to the Rectus Femoris and between the Vastus Medialis and Vastus ___. | Intermedius. Lateralis. |
| Vastus intermedius originates where? | Anterior and lateral femoral shaft. |
| Vastus intermedius inserts at what two places? | Patella and Tibial Tuberosity via the Patellar Ligament. |
| Vastus intermedius' action is what? | Extension of the knee |
| What innervates vastus intermedius? | Femoral Nerve. |
| The Vastus Lateralis originates at what two places? | Linea Aspera of the femur and Greater Trochanter of the femur. |
| Vastus lateralis inserts at what two places? | Patella and Tibial Tuberosity via the Patellar Ligament |
| Vastus lateralis' action is what? | Extension of the knee |
| The nerve of vastus lateralis? | Femoral Nerve. |
| The iliopsas is made up of what two muscles? | Psoas Major and the Iliacus |
| The Psoas Major originates at what transverse processes? At what vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs? | Lumbar 1-5. T12-L5. |
| Psoas major inserts where? | Lesser trochanter of the femur |
| The actions of the Psoas Major are ___ of the femur; ___ of the trunk at the lumbar spine; and assists ____ flexion of the trunk at the Lumbar spine. | Flexion. Flexion. Lateral. |
| The nerves of psoas major? | L2 L3 spinal nerves. |
| The Iliacus originates where? | Iliac fossa of the Ilium. |
| Iliacus inserts where? | Lesser trochanter of the femur |
| The action of iliacus? | Flexion of the femur |
| Iliacus is innervated by what? | Femoral Nerve |
| The Pectineus muscle is medial to the ____ and lateral to the ______. | Iliopsoas. Adductor Longus. |
| Pectineus originates at the ___ ramus of the ____ pubis. | Superior; Anterior |
| Pectineus inserts where? | Pectineal line of the femur |
| The actions of pectineus are ___ of the femur; ____ of the femur; ___ rotation of the femur. | Flexion; adduction; medial |
| The nerve for pectineus? | Femoral N |
| The _________ muscle is not found in everyone. | Psoas Minor |
| Psoas minor originates where? | 12th thoracic vertebra |
| Psoas minor inserts where? | Pelvic Rim |
| The nerve of psoas minor? | L1 spinal nerve |
| What are the 4 muscles of the medial thigh? | Gracilus; Adductor Longus; Adductor Brevis; Adductor Magnus. |
| The Gracilus originates at the ___ ramus of the anterior ___. | Inferior; pubis. |
| Gracilus inserts where? | Medial proximal tibia |
| Actions of gracilus are ___ of the femur; assists ___ of the knee; and ____ rotation of the tibia when the knee is flexed. | Adduction; flexion; medial. |
| The nerve for gracilus? | Obturator Nerve |
| Gracilus is the only ___ muscle to cross both the ___ and ___ joints. | Adductor. Knee and hip. |
| The Adductor Longus originates where? | Anterior Pubis |
| Adductor longus inserts where? | Linea Aspera of the Femur |
| Actions of adductor longus are ____ of the femur; and assists in ___ of the femur. | Adduction; Flexion. |
| Adductor longus is innervated by? | Obturator N |
| The Adductor Brevis originates where? | Anterior pubis (body and inferior ramus). |
| Adductor brevis inserts at what two places? | Linea Aspera and Pectineal Line of femur |
| Adductor brevis has what two actions? | Adduction of femur; Flexion. |
| What is the nerve for adductor brevis? | Obturator |
| The Adductor Magnus has what two heads? | Anterior Head and Posterior Head |
| The anterior head of adductor magnus originates where? | Inferior ramus of the pubis |
| Adductor magnus-anterior head inserts where? | Linea aspera of the femur |
| Adductor magnus-anterior head assists what 3 motions? | Flexion and medial rotation of femur. Adduction of femur. |
| Adductor magnus-anterior head is innervated by what nerve? | Obturator N |
| The adductor magnus-posterior head originates at what two places? | Ischial Tuberosity and Ramus of Ischium |
| Adductor magnus-posterior head insertion is where? | Adductor tubercle of femur |
| What 3 actions are associated with adductor magnus-posterior head? | Extension of femur; lateral rotation of femur. Adduction. |
| The nerve for adductor magnus-posterior head? | Sciatic N |
| What are the four muscles of the anterior leg? | Tibialis Anterior; Fibularis Tertius; Extensor Digitorum Longus; Extensor Hallucis Longus |
| The common action for all 4 muscles of the anterior leg is what? | Dorsiflexion of the foot |
| The common nerve for all four muscles of the anterior leg is what? | Deep Fibular Nerve |
| The Tibialis Anterior muscle originates at what three places? | Lateral condyle of the tibia; Lateral shaft of the tibia; Interosseus membrane |
| Tibialis anterior inserts at what two places? | Base of the first metatarsal and the medial cuneiform (on plantar side) |
| What muscles insert at the base of the first metatarsal and medial cuneiform (on plantar side)? | Tibialis posterior and Tibialis anterior |
| What are the two actions for Tibialis anterior? | Inversion of the foot and Dorsiflexion of the ankle |
| What is the nerve for Tibialis anterior? | Deep Fibular Nerve |
| The Fibularis Tertius originates where? | Distal Anterior Fibula |
| Fibularis Tertius inserts where? | Base of the 5th metatarsal on the lateral side |
| What muscles insert at base of the 5th metatarsal on the lateral side? | Fibularis Tertius and Fibularis Brevis |
| What are the two actions of Fibularis Tertius and Fibularis Brevis? | Eversion of the foot; Dorsiflexion of the ankle |
| What is the nerve of Fibularis Tertius and Fibularis Brevis? | Deep Fibular Nerve |
| The Extensor Digitorum Longus originates at what two places? | Lateral condyl of the tibia; proximal 2/3 of anterior fibular shaft |
| Extensor Digitorum Longus inserts where? | Middle and distal phalanges of the 4 lateral toes |
| Extensor Digitorum Longus actions are what? | Dorsiflexion of the ankle; extension of the 4 lateral toes at the MP joints |
| The nerve for Extensor Digitorum Longus? | Deep Fibular Nerve |
| The Extensor Hallucis Longus originates at what two places? | Anterior shaft of the fibula; Interosseus Membrane |
| Extensor Hallucis Longus inserts where? | Base of the distal phalanx of the great toe |
| Extensor Hallucis Longus actions are what? | Dorsiflexion of the ankle; extension of the great toe at the IP and MP joints |
| The nerve for Extensor Hallucis Longus? | Deep Fibular Nerve |
| Rectus abdominus originates at what 2 places? | Pubic Symphysis and Pubic Crest |
| Rectus abdominus inserts where? | Ribs 5-7 costal cartilages and Xiphoid Process |
| The actions of Rectus Abdominus are ___ of the trunk; and compression and support of abdominal ___. | Flexion; Viscera. |
| The nerve for Rectus Abdominus? | Thoracoabdominal nerves T7-11 |
| The External oblique's originate where? | Ribs (5-12) |
| External oblique's insert at what three places? | Linea Alba; Pubis; Anterior Iliac Crest. |
| The actions for External oblique's bilaterally are ___ of the trunk and compression and support of _______. | Flexion; abdominal viscera |
| Unilaterally; External oblique's actions are ___ flexion of trunk and ____ of trunk to opposite side. | Lateral; rotation. |
| The nerves for External obliques? | Thoracoabdominal nerves (7-11) and subcostal nerve T12. |
| The internal oblique's originate on the ___ ligament; ____ iliac crest; and thoracocolumbar ____. | Inguinal; Anterior; Aponeurosis |
| Internal oblique's insert at the lower ___ ribs (# ___ thru ___); abdominal ____; and the Linea ____. | 4 (9-12); aponeurosis; Alba. |
| Actions bilaterally for internal obliques are ____ of trunk; compression and support of the abdominal viscera. | Flexion. |
| Unilaterally; internal oblique's actions are ____ flexion of trunk and ____ of trunk to SAME side. | Lateral. Rotation. |
| The nerves for internal obliques? | Thoracoabdominal nerves T7-T12; L1. |
| The Transverse abdominus originate on the ___ ligament; the ___ crest; the ____ aponeurosis and ribs ___ thru ___. | Inguinal; iliac; thoracolumbar; 7 thru 12. |
| Transverse abdominus inserts on the ___ aponeurosis; the ___ alba; and the ____. | Abdominal. Linea. Pubis. |
| Action of Transverse abdominus? | Compression and support of the abdominal viscera. |
| Nerves for Transverse abdominus? | Thoracoabdominal nerves T7-12 and L1. |
| The longest muscle in the body is what? | Sartorius |
| What is the most superficial muscle of the thigh? | Sartorius |
| What is the strongest hip flexor? | Iliopsoas |
| What muscle of the quadriceps femoris is the only one to originate on the pelvis and cross both the hip and knee joint? | Rectus Femoris |
| Which of the three vastus muscles is the largest? | Vastus Lateralis |
| What is the only hip adductor that is supplied by the femoral nerve? | Pectineus |
| Of the adductor group; what is the largest; deepest; and most powerful of the group? | Adductor Magnus |
| The Gluteus Maximus muscle is mostly used for what? | Power |
| Which muscle prevents controlateral hip drop while walking? | Gluteus Medius |
| The arrangement of the hamstrings at the distal end of the thigh from lateral to medial is what? | Biceps Femoris; Semitendinosus; Semimembranosus |
| Which muscle is the strongest of the dorsiflexors? | Tibialis Anterior |
| Shin splits result from overuse of what muscle? | Tibialis Anterior |
| What muscle raises the heel during running and jumping? | Gastrocnemius |
| Triceps Surae refer to what muscles? | Gastrocnemius and Soleus |
| What are the muscle, artery, and nerve components around the lateral malleolus? | Tibialis Posterior; Flexor Digitorum Longus; Posterior Tibial ARTERY; Tibial NERVE; Flexor Hallucis Longus |
| What is the deepest muscle of the posterior leg? | Tibialis Posterior |
| The Plantaris muscle lies between what two muscles? | Gastrocnemius and Soleus |
| Plantaris is ____ on the posterior knee | Superficial |
| What is the deepest muscle on the posterior knee joint? | Popliteus |
| Popliteus is the key that _____ the knee joint. | UNLOCKS |
| How many layers of muscles are in the foot? | 4 |
| What muscles are in the first layer of the foot? | Abductor Hallucis; Flexor Digitorum Brevis; Abductor Digiti Minimi |
| What muscles are in the 2nd layer of the foot? | Lumbricals; Quadratus Plantae |
| What muscles are in the 3rd layer of the foot? | Flexor Hallucis Brevis; Adductor Hallucis; Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis |
| What muscles are in the 4th layer of the foot? | Dorsal Interossei (4 of them) |
| What are the 8 flexors of the femur? | Psoas Major/Iliacus; Pectineus; Tensor of Fasciae Latae; Adductor Brevis; Adductor Longus; Adductor Magnus (Anterior Head); Rectus Femoris; Sartorius |
| What are the 5 extensors of the femur? | Gluteus Maximus; Biceps Femoris (long head); Semitendinosus; Semimembranosus; Adductor Magnus (posterior head) |
| What are the adductors of the femur? | Adductor Brevis; Adductor Longus; Adductor Magnus; Gracilus; Pectineus |
| What are the abductors of the femur? | Gluteus Medius; Gluteus Minimus; Tensor of Fascia Latae; Sartorius |
| Lateral Rotators of the Femur? | Piriformis; Superior Gemellus; Obturator Internus; Inferior Gemeullus; Obturator Externus; Quadratus Femoris; Gluteus Maximus; Sartorius; Adductor Magnus (posterior head) |
| Medial rotators of the femur? | Gluteus Medius (anterior fibers); Gluteus Minimus; Tensor of Fascia Latae; Adductor Magnus (anterior head); Adductor Longus; Pecinteus |
| Flexors of the knee? | Biceps Femoris; Semitendinosus; Semimembranosus; Sartorius; Gracilus; Gastrocnemius; Plantaris; Popliteus |
| Extensors of the knee? | Vastus lateralis; Vastus intermedius; Vastus lateralis; Rectus femoris; Tensor of fasciae latae |
| Medial rotators of the knee; rotates tibia when knee is flexed. | Semitendinosus; Semimembranosus; Popliteus; Gracilius; Sartorius |
| Lateral rotators of the knee; rotates femur when knee is extended. | Popliteus |
| Lateral rotators of the knee; rotates tibia when knee is flexed | Biceps Femoris |
| Dorsiflexors of the ankle? | Tibialis Anterior; Extensor Digitorum Longus; Extensor Hallucis Longus; Fibularis Tertius |
| Plantarflexors of the ankle? | Gastrocnemius; Plantaris; Soleus; Tibialis Posterior; Flexor Digitorum Longus; Flexor Hallucis longus; Fibularis Longus; Fibularis Brevis |
| Invertors of the foot? | Tibialis Anterior; Tibialis Posterior |
| Evertors of the foot? | Fibularis Longus; Fibularis Brevis; Fibularis Tertius |
| The Femoral nerve has what specific branches? | L2; L3; L4 |
| The femoral nerve passes through the ___ ____ muscle; then runs deep to the ____ ligament and just lateral to the ___ artery. | Adductor Magnus; Inguinal Ligament; Femoral Artery |
| After entering the thigh; the femoral nerve sprays out into its distributing branches; how many groups of branches? | 3 |
| What are the 3 different groups of femoral nerve distributions? | Muscular Branches; Cutaenous Branches; Articular Branches |
| The Muscular Branches of the femoral nerve go to the ___ within the abdomen and to the ____ compartment of the thigh; what muscles specifically? | Iliacus; anterior. Quadriceps Femoris; Pectineus; Sartorius. |
| What are the 3 Cuteaneous branches of the femoral nerve? | Medial cutaneous nerves; intermediate cutaneous nerves; saphenous nerve |
| The medial and intermediate cutaneous nerves of the thigh go to the ____ of the anterior thigh. | Skin |
| The Saphenous nerve passes through the ____ ____ to supply the skin of the ___ leg; ankle; and foot to the great ____. | Adductor canal; medial; toe. |
| The Articular branches go to what joints? | Knee and hip joints |
| The Obturator nerve has what specific branches? | L2; L3; L4 |
| The obturator nerve emerges from the medial border of the ___ ___ muscle. It then passes inferiorly and anteriorly (deep to the internal ____ vessels) and enters the ___ ____. | Psoas Major. (Iliac). Obturator Foramen. |
| Obturator nerve passes through the foramen along with the ____ vessels to supply the ___ thigh. Here; it divides into an anterior branch (anterior to the ___ ____) and a posterior branch (poster to the ___ ____). | Obturator. Medial. Adductor Brevis. Adductor Brevis. |
| The muscular branches of the obturator nerve innervate the ___ compartment of the thigh muscles; which are what specific muscles? | Medial; adductors; obturator externus; gracilis. |
| The cutaneous branches of the obturator nerve supply the ____ of the ___ thigh. | Skin; medial. |
| The articular branches supply the __ and ____ joints. | Knee and hip joints. |
| What are the specific branches of the Sciatic Nerve? | L4 L5 S1 S2 S3 |
| Sciatic nerve is the ___ nerve of the body. | Largest |
| Proximally; sciatic nerve is flat and ____. Distally; it becomes ____. | Wide. Round. |
| Sciatic nerve emerges from the greater ____ foramen; which is inferior to the ____ and deep to the ___ ____. | Sciatic. Piriformis. Gluteus Maximus. |
| Sciatic nerve crosses the posterior surface of the _____; tendon of the obturator ____; and quadratus femoris muscles. It then descends on the ___ ____ muscle. As it passes downward; it lies deep to the ___ muscles. | Gemelli. Internus. Adductor Magnus. Hamstrings. |
| The sciatic nerve has two divisions; what are they? | Tibial and Common Fibular Nerve. |
| Usually; visible separation of tibial and common fibular nerve occur ___ ; but it may vary anywhere from the ____ area to mid-thigh. | Mid-thigh. Gluteal. |
| The distribution of the sciatic nerve is to the ___ compartment of the thigh muscles or ___ muscles; and adductor ____. | Posterior. Hamstring. Magnus. |
| All the muscular branches of the sciatic nerve except the one to the ____ head of the biceps femoris arise from the ____ division of the sciatic nerve. The short head is supplied by the ___ ____ division. | Short. Tibial. Common Fibular. |
| All the muscular branches except the ___ head originate from the ___ side of the nerve; so its ___ side is the side of least risk in penetrating wounds to the thigh. | Short. Medial. Lateral. |
| Penetrating ___ thigh wounds may easily injure the sciatic nerve. Since the nerve travels just posterior to the ____; it is vulnerable to injury from a ___ dislocation of the hip resulting from a posterior lip fracture of the ____. | Posterior. Acetabulum. Posterior. Acetabulum. |
| The specific branches of the Tibial nerve are what? | L4 L5 S1 S2 S3 |
| The Tibial nerve is the ____ of the branches from the Sciatic nerve. As it travels through the ___ fossa; it lies just ___ to the popliteal artery and vein. | Largest. Popliteal. Posterior. |
| The tibial nerve descends immediately deep to the ___ muscle along with the ____ tibial vessels; passes with them behind the ____ malleolus; and ends by dividing within the ___ foot into the ___ and ___ plantar nerves. | Soleus. Posterior. Medial. Plantar. Medial and Lateral. |
| The muscular branches within the popliteal fossa go to the ____ compartment leg muscles; what four muscles? | Posterior; Popliteus; Gastrocnemius; Soleus; Plantaris. |
| The cutaneous branch of the tibial nerve is called the ___ nerve. This passes down the ___; posterior to the ___ malleolus; then to the ___ toe. Thus the nerve innervates ___ of the lateral side of the leg; foot; and fifth toe. Within the ___ fossa; it re | Sural. Calf. Lateral. 5th. Skin. Popliteal. Communicating. Fibular. |
| The articular branches supply the ___ joint. | Knee. |
| The tibial nerve supplies 3 additional posterior leg compartment muscles; what are they? | Tibialis Posterior; Flexor Hallucis Longus; Flexor Digitorum Longus. |
| Plantar ___ and intrinsic plantar ___ muscles are supplied by its terminal branches: the medial ___ nerve and the lateral ___ nerve. | Skin. Foot. Plantar. Plantar. |
| The common fibular nerve has what specific branches? | L4 L5 S1 S2 |
| The common fibular nerve is ____ than the tibial nerve branch of the sciatic nerve. The common fibular nerve passes downward from the sciatic nerve through the upper part of the ___ ____; just medial to the tendon of the ___ ____. | Smaller.Popliteal Fossa. Biceps Femoris. |
| It then travels around the neck of the ____ and into the ___ ____ muscle. Here it ends by dividing into its terminal branches; the ____ and _____ ____ nerve within the ___ ___ muscle. | Fibula. Fibularis Longus. Deep and Superficial Fibular. Fibularis Longus. |
| In the ___ fossa; the common fibular nerve gives off the lateral ___ ___ nerve to the skin of the upper lateral calf. It gives the ___ communicating branch to the ___ nerve and ____ branches to the knee joint. | Popliteal. Sural cutaneous. Sural. Sural. Articular. |
| The ___ fibular nerve passes into the ___ compartment of the leg; deep to the ___ ____ ___ muscle. It then descends along with the ___ ___ vessels on the anterior surface of the ____ membrane and ankle. | Deep. Anterior. Extensor Digitorum Longus. Anterior Tibial. Interosseus. |
| The muscular branches of the deep fibular nerve go to the muscles of the ___ leg; what are they? (5). | Anterior. Tibialis Anterior; Extensor Hallucis Longus; extensor Digitorum Longus; Fibularis Tertius; Extensor Digitorum Brevis. |
| The cutaneous branches go to the skin web where? | Between 1st and 2nd toes. |
| The superficial fibular nerve descends in the ____ compartment of the leg. | Lateral. |
| The muscular branches supply what muscles? | Fibularis Longus and Fibularis Brevis. |
| The cutaneous branches go to the skin of lower ____ of the lateral ____ leg and to the ___ of the foot. | 2/3; anterior; dorsum. |
| The common fibular nerve is exposed to possible injury as it passes around where? | Neck of the Fibula. |
| The common fibular nerve is vulnerable to ____ injuries of the knee or pressure from a leg cast or tight bandage. | Pressure |
| Signs of injury to the common fibular nerve are ____ of the foot caused by paralysis of ____ compartments that evert the foot and ___ ____ due to paralysis of anterior compartment muscles that dorsiflex the foot. | Inversion. Lateral. Foot drop. |
| There is skin ____ of the lateral and anterior leg and the ___ of the foot. However; because the skin of the medial leg is suppled by the ____ branch of the femoral nerve; it is ____ affected. | Anesthesia. Dorsum. Saphenous. NOT. |
| An Anastomosis is an area where there is ____ circulation; which means there is more than one route available to do what? | Collateral; to get blood to an area |
| 3 places in the body where anastomoses are lacking; what are they? | Body; Brain; Kidneys |
| The Aorta branches into the ___ iliac at what vertebra? | Common; L4 |
| The common iliac branches into what two branches? | External and Internal |
| The internal iliac supplies what cavity? | The Pelvic Cavity |
| The external iliac reaches the ____ ligament and becomes the ___ artery. | Inguinal; Femoral |
| The upper border of the Femoral Triangle is what? | Inguinal Ligament |
| The lateral border of the femoral triangle is the medial border of the ___ muscle. | Sartorius |
| The medial border of the femoral triangle is the medial border of the __ ___ muscle. | Adductor Longus |
| The roof of the femoral triangle is __ ___. | Fascia Lata |
| The floor of the femoral triangle is made up of what four muscles? | Iliopsoas; Pectineus; Adductor Longus; Adductor Brevis |
| The apex of the femoral triangle leads to what? | Adductor Canal |
| From lateral to medial; what are the components of the femoral triangle? | Femoral Nerve; Femoral Artery; Femoral Vein; Femoral Lymphatics |
| The femoral artery terminates at the ___ ___; which is an opening into what muscle? | Adductor Hiatus; opening to Adductor Magnus Muscle |
| The most proximal branch of the femoral artery is the superficial _____ artery. This is located above the ____ ligament. This artery supplies the inguinal ___ ___ and the skin above the ___ ligament. | Epigastric. Inguinal. Lymph Nodes. Inguinal. |
| The Superficial ____ Iliac Artery runs ____ to the inguinal ligament to the ___ ___. This supplies the ___ inguinal lymph nodes and skin. | Circumflex. Parallel. Iliac Crest. Superficial. |
| The Superficial External ____ artery is a ___ branch of the femoral artery. It supplies the ___ of the lower abdomen and the external ____. | Pudendal. Medial. Genitalia. |
| The ___ External _____ artery is deeper than the superficial external pudendal artery. It passes across the ____ muscle and the ____ ___ muscle. It supplies the external ___ | Deep; Pudendal. Pectineus; Adductor Longus. Genitalia. |
| The Muscular Branches of the femoral artery supply the ___ and ____ compartments of the ___. Give some muscle examples. | Anterior; medial. Thigh. Quadriceps; Adductors. |
| The ____ femoris is the deepest branch of the femoral artery. | Profunda |
| The medial femoral ____ is a medial branch off of the ____. It winds around the ___ side of the femur. It forms an ____ with the ____ femoral circumflex artery; the ___ gluteal artery; and the first ____ branch. This is called the ____ anastomosis. | Circumflex; Profunda artery. Medial. Anastomosis. Lateral; Inferior; perforating. Cruciate. |
| What are the four parts to the cruciate anastomsis? | Medial Femoral Circumflex; Lateral Femoral Circumflex; Inferior Gluteal artery; first perforating branch. |
| What muscles are supplied by the medial femoral circumflex artery? | Adductors; obturator externus; acetabulum; head of the femur. |
| The Lateral Femoral ____ artery is a lateral branch off of the ___ artery. It winds around lateral side of the ____; contributes to the ___ anastomosis. Supplies what specific muscle? | Circumflex; Profunda. Femur. Cruciate. Vastus Lateralis. |
| The perforating arteries that branch off of the femoral artery usually come with ___ in number. They perforate the __- ___ muscle. The ___ perforating contributes to the cruciate ____. This artery supplies what muscles? | Three. Adductor Magnus. First. Anastomosis. Gluteus maximus. Adductors. Hamstrings. |
| The Popliteal Artery is located in the ___ fossa. | Popliteal |
| This is the continuation of the ___ artery. It begins at the ___ ____ and ends at the inferior border of ____ where it bifurcates into the anterior and posterior ___ artery. | Femoral. Adductor Hiatus. Popliteus. Tibial. |
| The Popliteal Artery supplies the distal parts of the ___ magnus and hamstrings. It also supplies the superficial 3 muscles of the posterior leg; what are the 3? | Adductor. Gastrocnemium; Soleus; Plantaris. |
| The Popliteal Artery supplies the skin over what? | Popliteal Fossa |
| The Genicular Arteries are branches off of the ___ artery. | Popliteal |
| The Genicular Artery supplies the ___ joint; ligaments; and the ____. | Knee; Popliteus. |
| How many branches off of the genicular arteries? | 5 |
| What are the names of 5 genicular branches? | Superior medial genicular; Inferior medial Genicular; Middle Genicular; Superior lateral; Inferior Lateral |
| The posterior tibial artery begins at the bifurcation of the ____ artery and passes downward along the posterior leg to divide into medial and lateral ____ arteries. | Popliteal. Plantar arteries. |
| The posterior tibial artery provides what two compartments with a blood supply? | Posterior and Lateral compartments. |
| A major branch off of the posterior tibial artery is the ___ artery. This supplies what two compartments? | Fibular; Posterior and Lateral Muscle compartments. |
| The Medial Plantar Artery supplies the medial side of the ___ and the first ___. | Foot. Toe. |
| The lateral plantar artery along with the deep plantar branch of the ___ pedis forms the ___ arch. | Dorsalis; Pedis. |
| The Anterior Tibial Artery penetrates the _____ membrane; then runs on the membrane's anterior surface with the ___ ____ nerve. | Interosseus; Deep Fibular |
| The anterior tibial artery supplies the ____ compartment muscles of the leg. | Anterior |
| The Anterior Tibial Artery has two important branches off of it; what are they? | Anterior Medial Malleloar Artery; Anterior Lateral Malleolar Artery. |
| The Anterior Medial Malleolar Artery supplies what? | Medial ankle |
| The Anterior Lateral Malleolar Artery supplies what? | Lateral ankle |
| The Dorsalis Pedis Artery is the continuation of what artery? | Anterior tibial artery |
| Pedis artery passes anteriorly from the ankle joint; along the ___ side of the dorsum of foot to the proximal part of ____ intermetatarsal space where it divides into what 3 branches? | Tibial. First. Arcuate Artery; 1st Dorsal Metatarsal artery; Deep Plantar Branch |
| The Arcuate Artery gives off the dorsal ____ arteries which then turn into the dorsal __ arteries. | Metatarsal; digital arteries |
| The Deep Plantar Branch of the ___ pedis artery penetrates the ____ surface and with the lateral ___ artery forms the ____ arch. | Dorsalis; plantar. Plantar. Plantar |
| Veins are divided into ____ and ____ groups that anastomose quite freely with each other. | Superficial and deep. |
| ___ veins lie in superficial fascia; just under the ___. | Superficial; Skin. |
| ___ veins accompany the arteries. | Deep |
| What are the 2 superficial veins we are required to know? | Great Saphenous Vein; Small Saphenous Vein. |
| The longest vein in the body is what? | Great Saphenous Vein |
| Great saphenous vein is on the ___ aspect of the lower limb. It ends by passing through the saphenous ___; which is an opening in the ___ ____. It then drains into the ____ vein. | Medial. Hiatus. Fascia Lata. Femoral. |
| The great saphenous vein drains sole and ___ of foot (via the digital; dorsalmetatarsal; and ____ ___arch) and thigh. | Dorsum. Dorsal venous. |
| The small saphenous vein passes behind what? | Lateral malleolus |
| Small saphenous vein drains the ___ foot and ____ leg. It ends as a tributary to the ____ vein. | Lateral. Posterior. Popliteal vein. |
| Deep veins accompany the corresponding ____ and are in pairs called ___ ____. One member being on each side; they ____ at intervals across the artery. | Artery; Venae Comitantes. Communicate. |
| Know the 7 deep veins. Of the 7; ___ are single veins; not venae comitantes. | Three |
| The 7 deep veins we need to know are the ____ digital veins; the posterior ___ vein; ____ (peroneal) vein; Anterior ____ vein; Popliteal vein; Femoral vein; and ____ femoris vein. | Plantar; Tibial; Fibular; Tibial; Profunda. |
| Arteries carry blood ____ from the heart. USUALLY it is ____ blood. Give an exception. | AWAY. Oxygenated. Pulmonary artery (deoxygenated blood) |
| Veins carry blood ___ the heart. USUALLY it is ____ blood. Give an exception. | TOWARDS. De-oxygenated. Pulmonary vein (oxygenated blood). |
| What are the processes coming off an artery called in which the blood flows in a different direction? Blood is ____ the main vessel. | Branches. Leaving. |
| What are the processes on veins called in which blood flows in the same direction? Blood is flowing ____ the main vessel. | Tributaries. INTO. |
| What is endomysium? | CT that surrounds individual muscle cells |
| Endomysium holds what in place? | Muscle cells; Capillaries; Nerve fibers |
| The ____ is CT which surrounds and holds groups of muscle fibers together into a unit. | Parimysium |
| A group of muscle fibers is called a ____. | Fasicle |
| ___ are the smallest muscle unit visible to the naked eye. | Fasicles |
| Fasciles are termed "____" by gross anatomists. | Fibers |
| ____ is the outer CT covering of an individual muscle. | Epimysium |
| Epimysium holds muscle ____ in place and together to form the complete muscle. | Fasicles |
| Epimysium s sometimes called ____ _____. | Muscle fascia |
| ___ ____ is external to the epimysium. Sometimes it is even ____ with it. | Deep Fascia. Fused. |
| Epimysium invests body ____. For example; deep fascia of the thigh is called ___ ___ of the thigh. | Portions. Fascia Lata |
| Epimysium provides intermusclar ____ which arrange muscles into ____ compartments. For example it separates the posterior thigh from the anterior thigh. | Septa. Functional. |
| Epimysium also surrounds individual ____ and separates them from their neighbors so they can do what? | Muscles; move freely. |
| The ____ fasica is a fatty layer deep to the ___. | Superficial. Skin. |
| There are ___ different ways that a muscle may be attached. | 4 |
| Attachment of a muscle directly to the ___ of a bone via ___ ___. | Periosteum; connective tissue (CT). |
| An example of periosteum muscle connection would be what? | Vastus Lateralis. |
| A muscle may attach to a bone via a ____ which merges with the ____. | Tendon; Periosteum. |
| An example of tendon attachment is the ___ tendon. | Achilles |
| A muscle may attach to a ___ sheet of fibrous CT called ______. The ____ then connects the muscle to another ____ or a ____. | Flat; Aponeurosis. Aponeurosis; Muscle or bone. |
| An example of when the Aponeurosis connects the muscle to a bone is the ___ ____. | Latissimus Dorsi. |
| An example of when the aponeurosis connects the muscle to another muscle is the ___ ____. | External Obliques. |
| A muscle may attach to another muscle via a ____; which is a line of union between two _____ muscles. | Raphe; different. |
| An example of a raphe connection is the _____ muscle. | Mylohyoid. |
| The origin of a muscle is the ____ end of a muscle. It is the attachment of a muscle to an area of the body which does ____ move. | Fixed. NOT |
| The insertion of a muscle is the ____ end of a muscle. It is the attachment of a muscle to an area of the body which ____ move. | Moveable. DOES. |
| In the limbs; the origin is ____. The insertion is ____. | Proximal. Distal. |
| Sometimes there can be reversal of the origin and insertion. This means that the ____ is now moveable and the ____ is now fixed. | Origin. Insertion. |
| The range of contraction is determined by the ____ of the muscle ____. | Length; fasicles |
| When the _____ contracts; it decreases the length by ___%. | Fasicles; 57% |
| Longer fasciles have ____ range of contraction. | Greater |
| They have the same ____ of contraction; but ____ fasicles have a greater ____ of contraction. | Percentage; longer; range |
| The strength of contraction depends on the total ___ ____ area of the fasciles and their relation to the ____ axis of the muscle. | Cross sectional. Long. |
| A stronger muscle has ___ fasicles. | More. |
| The easiest way to increase the # of fasciles without increasing the bulk of the muscle is to add the fasciles at an ____ to the line of pull. | Angle. |
| Muscles with parallel fibers have a ____ range of contraction; but less ____. | Greater; strength. |
| Muscles with pinnate fibers have ___ range of contraction but are ____. | shorter; stronger. |
| Range of contraction and ____ of contraction vary ____. | Strength; inversely. |
| ___ ____ muscle fibers are the ___ but have a ____ range of contraction. | Multi Pennate. Strongest. Short. |
| ____ is the mechanical power resulting from a lever. | Leverage |
| Leverage enters into the ____ and ____ of the movement produced by a muscle crossing a joint. | Strength and range |
| Maximal strength/leverage and maximal range of joint movement vary ____. | Inversely. |
| Taking a pennate biceps muscle unattached; we have strength but ____ range of movement… so sticking it on the body; we can get the range of motion back by inserting it ____ to the joint. | Short. Close. |
| Nervous system cells have what two unique properties? | Irritability and Conductivity. |
| Irritiability is what? | A response to a stimulus with the initiation of a nervous impulse |
| Conducitivity is what? | Transmission of the nervous impulse |
| There are two kinds of cells involved in the nervous system; what are they? | Neurons and Glial Cells |
| The cells that are carrying the nervous impulse and are the structural and functional units of the nervous system are what? | Neurons |
| Glial cells are found where? They have what kind of function and with what? | CNS. Supportive function for the neurons. |
| The CNS consists of what parts of the body? The PNS consists of what? | CNS= Brain and Spinal cord. PNS= anything outside the brain and spinal cord. |
| The two main parts of a neuron are what? | Neuron cell body and neuron cell fibers |
| A group of neuron cell bodies located in the CNS is called a ____. A group of neuron cell bodies located in the PNS is called a ___. | Nucleus. Ganglion. |
| A neuron cell fiber that conducts the nervous impulse TOWARDS the neuron cell body is the ____. | Dendrite. |
| A neuron cell fiber that conducts the nervous impulse AWAY from the neuron cell body is called what? | Axon. |
| An exception to the axon conductivity are ____ axons of ____ neurons. They are ____ ____ neurons of the dorsal root ganglia. | Dendritic; pseudounipolar. |
| Afferent cell fibers carry ___ information; impulses TO the CNS. | Sensory |
| Efferent cell fibers carry ____ information; impulses _____ from the CNS. | Motor; AWAY |
| A ____ is a group of neuron fibers in the PNS. | Nerve. |
| A ____ is a group of neuron fibers in the CNS. | Tract. |
| What are the four main functions of the nervous system? | Sensation of environmental changes; motor functions; coordination of the activities of various body structures; and thought. |
| What are the four types of sensations detected by the body? | Changes in basic sensations; changes in spatial orientation; changes in body function; changes in internal environment |
| What are the two kinds of basic sensations? | Special sensations; general sensations |
| What are the four special sensations? | Vision; hearing and equilibrium; taste (gustation); smell (olfaction) |
| Why are special sensations called special? | Because they require a special sense organ |
| What are the 5 general sensations? | Touch; temp; pressure; proprioception; pain |
| The 5 general sensations are general why? | Because they are found all over the body. They are generalized. |
| Changes in spatial orientation are called ____. This is an awareness to changes in the ____ forces to various parts of the body. This is also knowing body position in space at any time. | Proprioception. Gravitational. |
| The body can sense changes in body function of both ____ and musculo-skeletal origin. | Visceral. |
| An example of visceral and musculo-skeletal sensation would be what? | Stomach ache (visceral) and joint ache (musculo-skeletal origin). |
| Internal changes in the body could be what? | Hydration; internal temp; oxygen and electrolyte levels; blood pressure |
| What are the ONLY two motor functions that can occur? | Muscular contraction and glandular secretion |
| The nervous system is divided into two branches based on structure; what are they? | CNS and PNS |
| The CNS includes what? | Brain and spinal cord |
| The PNS includes what? | 12 pairs of cranial nerves; 31 pairs of spinal nerves; autonomic nerves of ANS |
| The nervous system is divided into two branches based on function; what are they? | VNS (voluntary nervous system) and INS (involuntary nervous system) |
| The VNS includes the brain; corticospinal and other spinal ____. Also the cranial and spinal nerves; except those parts in the ____. | Tracts; INS. |
| The INS includes the ___ (involuntary areas) and certain spinal ____. It includes the sympathetic (____) of the ANS and the parasympthathetic (______) of the ANS. | Brain; tracts. Thoracolumbar. Craniosacral. |
| The simplest # of anatomical parts required for a function in the nervous system? | 4 |
| The stimulus of a nervous segment is an _____ change. | environmental |
| The three steps following an environmental stimulus in the simplest sequence are? | sensory neuron. Motor neuron. Effector. |
| A neuron has an adapted region called a ____ for detecting a certain type of stimulus. It responds by ____ to start an impulse. | Receptor. Depolarizing. |
| A motor neuron responds to the nervous impulse from another neuron and passes the impulse to the ___. | Effector. |
| The effector are cells of muscles or glands which respond to impulse and change the activity of body to the stimulus; what potential results? | Muscle contraction or glandular secretion. |
| Sensory fibers are ____ fibers. | Afferent |
| Sensory fibers are found in the ____; ____; and _____ nerves. | Spinal; cranial; and autonomic |
| Sensory nerve fibers run from the ____ and go to the CNS. | Receptor |
| The cell bodies for sensory nerve fibers are in a ____ root/spinal _____ or cranial ____. | Dorsal; ganglion. Ganglion. |
| Sensory fibers are classified according to type and location of ____. | Receptor |
| What are the two kinds of sensory receptors? | Somatic and visceral |
| The three kinds of somatic receptors are what? | Teleceptors; exteroceptors; proprioceptors |
| Somatic receptors are located where? | In the body wall |
| Teleceptors sense things that are ___. | Distant |
| These are any fibers with info from ___ or hearing. | Vision |
| These are called SSA fibers; what does this mean? | Special Somatic Afferent Fibers |
| The exteroceptors are found in the skin and ____ tissues of the body wall. | Deep |
| Exteroceptors carry info about what 4 things? | Touch; temperature; pain; pressure |
| Exteroceptor fibers are called GSA fibers; what does this mean? | General Somatic Afferent Fibers |
| Proprioceptors are found in ___ muscles (called muscle _____) and tendons; called ( ___ ____ ____). | Skeletal; spindles. Golgi Tendon Apparatus. |
| True or false: Proprioceptors detect position and movements of body via stretch in muscles and tendons and stretch or compression in joints. | TRUE |
| Proprioceptor fibers are called what? | General Somatic Afferent |
| What are the two kinds of visceral receptors? | Interoceptors; chemoreceptors |
| Interoceptors are found where? | In viscera |
| Interoceptors deal with ___ sensations (pain caused by distention etc); also SENSES smooth muscle contraction and secretory activity of glands. | Visceral |
| Interoceptor fiber is called what? | General Visceral Afferent Fiber |
| Chemoreceptors are found in the ___ and ____ mucosae. | Nasal and tongue |
| Chemoreceptors sense what two things? | Smell and taste |
| Chemoreceptors are called what fibers? | Special Visceral Afferent fibers |
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