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GE 258 CH 6-8

Question	Answer
contains no blood vessels or nerves	skeletal cartilage
surrounded by the perichondrium that resists outward expansion	skeletal cartilage
three types of skeletal cartilage	hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
type of cartilage that provides support, flexibility, and resilience	hyaline cartilage
type of cartilage that is most abundant in skeletal cartilage	hyaline cartilage
type of cartilage that is presented in these cartilages: articulat, costal, respiratory, nasal	hyaline cartilage
hyaline cartilage is presented in these type of cartilage	articular, costal, respiratory, nasal
type of hyaline cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum	costal
type of hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of long bones	articular
type of hyaline cartilage that makes up larynx, reinforces air passages	respiratory
type of hyaline cartilage that supports the nose	nasal
type of cartilage that is similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers	elastic cartilage
type of cartilage that is found in the external ear and the epiglottis	elsatic cartilage
type of cartilage that is highly compressed with great tensile strength	fibrocartilage cartilage
type of cartilage that contains collagen fibers	fibrocartilage cartilage
type of cartilage that is found in menisci of the knee and in the intervertebral discs	fibrocartilage cartilage
cells in the perichondrium that secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage	appositional
lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage dividing and secreting new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within	interstitial
calcificationof cartilage occurs during	normal bone growth and old age
bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage	axial skeleton
bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip	appendicular skeleton
type of bone that is longer than they are wide	long bone
type of bone that is cube-shaped	short bones
type of bone that makes up the wrist and ankle	short bones
type of bone that form within the tendons	short bones
type of bone that is thin, flattened, and a bit curved	flat bones
type of bone that makes up the sternum, and mosk skull bone	flat bones
type of bone that has complicated shapes	irregular bones
type of bone that makes up the vertebrae and hip bones	irregular bones
function of the bone	support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation
known as blood cell formation that occurs within the the marrow cavities of bones	hematopoiesis
bone marking that is a rounded projection	tuberosity
bone marking that is narrow, prominent ridge of bone	crest
bone marking that has a large, blunt, irregular surgace	tronchanter
bone marking that is a narrow ridge of bone	line
bone marking that is a small rounded projection	tubercle
bone marking that is a raised area above a chondyle	epicondyle
bone marking that is a sharp, slender projection	spine
bone marking that is any bony prominence	process
bone marking that is a bony expansion carried on a narrow neck	head
bone marking that is smooth, nearly flat articular surface	facet
bone marking that is a rounded articular projection	condyle
bone marking that is an armlike bar of bone	ramus
bone marking that is canal-like passageway	meatus
bone marking that is a cavity within a bone	meatus
bone marking that is shallow, basin-like depression	fossa
bone marking that is furrow	groove
bone marking that is narrow, slit-like opening	fissure
bone marking that is round or oval opening through a bone	foramen
dense outer layer of the bone	compact bone
honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow	spongy bone
structure of a long bone consist of a	diaphysis and epiphysis
tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones	diaphysis
composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity	diaphysis
yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the medullary cavity	diaphysis
expanded ends of long bone	epiphyses
exterior is compact bone, and the interior is spongy bone	epiphyses
bone membrane that is a double-layered of protective membrane	periosteum
outer fibrous layer of the periosteum is	dense regular connective tissue
inner osteogenic layer of periosteum is composed of	osteoblast, osteoclast
periosteum is secured to theunderlying bone by	sharpey's fibers
delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone	endosteum
location of hematopoietic tissue (red marrow) in infants	found in medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bones
location of hematopoietic tissue (red marrow) in adults	found in the dipole of flat bones, and the head of the femur and humerus
the structual unit of compact bone	Haverisan system, or osteon
wight bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen	lamella
central channel containing blood vessels and nerves	haversia, or central canal
channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal	Volkmann's canals
mature bone cells	osteocytes
small cavities in bone that conatin osteocytes	lacunae
hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal	canaliculi
bone-forming cells	osteoblasts
mature bone cells	osteocytes
large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix	osteoclasts
unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen	osteoid
bone develops from a fibrous membrane	intramembranous ossification
bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage	endochondral ossification
begins in the second month of bone development	endochondral ossification
uses hyaline cartilage "bones" as models for bone construction	endochondral ossification
requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification	endochondral ossification
function zone in long bone growth in which cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis	growth zone
function zone in long bone growth in which older cells enlarge, the matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, and the matrix begins to deteriorate	transformation zone
functional zones in long bone growth in which new bone formation occurs	osteogenic zone
long bone growth and remodeling in which the cartilage continually grows and is replaced by bone	growth in length
long bone growth and remodeling in which bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth	remodeling
during infancy and childhood, epiphyseal plate activity is stimulated by	growth hormone
condition of bone in which there is inadequate minerlization. Osteoid produced byt no calcium salts of or lack of Vit. D	osteomalacia
condition of the bone in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit	osteoporosis
type of bone fracture in which bone ends retain thier normal position	nondisplaced
type of bone fracture in which bone ends are out of normal alignment	displaced
type of bone fracture in which the bone is broken all the way through	complete
type of bone fracture in which the bone is not broken all the way through	incomplete
type of bone fracture in which the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone	linear
type of bone fracture in which the facture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone	transverse
type of bone fracture in which the bone end penetrate the skin	compound (open)
type of bone fracture in which the bone end do not penetrate the skin	simple (closed)
type of bone fracture that is an incomplete fracture more common in children (more flexible)	greenstick
a bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it	Wolff's Law
weakest part of the skeleton	joints (articulations)
site where two or more bones meet	articulation
function of joints	skeleton mobility, hold the skeleton together
three functional classes of joints are:	synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses
immovable joint	synarthroses
slightly movable joint	amphiarthroses
freely movable joint	diarthroses
three structural classifications of joints are	fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
joint in which bones are joined by fibrous tissues	fibrous structural joints
joint in which there is no joint cavity	fibrous structural joints
joint in which most are immovable	fibrous structural joints
three types of fibrous structural joints	sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
fibrous structural joints that occur between the bones of the skull	sutures
fibrous structural joint that comprises of interlocking junction completely filled with connective tissue fibers	sutures
fibrous structural joint in which bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament	syndesmoses
fibrous structural joint in which movement varies from immovable to slightly variable	syndesmoses
examples of fibrous structural joint includes the connection between the tibia and fibula, and the radius and ulna	syndesmoses
joint in which articulating bones are united by cartilage	cartilaginous joint
lacks a joint cavity	cartilaginous joint
two types of cartilaginous joint	synchondrosies and symphyses
cartilaginous joint in which a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones	synchondroses
examples of cartilaginous joint include epiphyseal plates of children, joint between costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum	synchondroses
cartilaginous joint in which hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage	symphyses
amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility	symphyses
examples of cartilaginous joint include intervertebral joints and the public symphysis of the pelvis	symphyses
those joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity	synovial joint
freely movable diarthroses	synovial joint
examples of joint include all limb joints and most joints of the body	synovial joint
synovial joints general structure include:	articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments
flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid	bursae
common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together	bursae
elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon	tendon sheath
stability of a synovial joint is determined by	articular surfaces, ligaments
shape determines what movments are possible	articular surface
unite bones and prevent exxessive or undesirable motion	ligaments
muscle tone is accomplished by	muscle tendons across joints acting as stablizing factors and tendons are kept tight at times by muscle tone
the two muscle attachments across a joint are	origin, insertion
attachment to the immovable bone	origin
attachment to the movable bone	insertion
range of motion to include slipping movements only	nonaxial
range of motion to include movement in one plane	uniaxial
range of motion to include movement in two planes	biaxial
range of motion to include movement in or around all three planes	multiaxial
range of motion in which one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface	gliding movement
examples include intercarpal and intertarsal joints, and between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae	gliding movement
bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint	flexion
reverse of felxion; joint angle is increased	extension
up and down movment of the foot	dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
movement away from the midline	abduction
movement toward the midline	adduction
movement describes a cone in space	circumduction
the turning of a bone around its own long axis	rotation
the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn	sprains
partially torn ligaments are repaired by	repairing themselves slowly
completely torn ligaments are repaired by	prompt surgcial repair
occurs when bones are forced out of alignment	dislocation
parital dislocation of a joint	subluxation
an inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction	bursitis
inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse	tendonitis
considered an non-inflammatory condition of arthritis	osteoarthritis
most common chronic arthritis; often called "wear-and-tear" arthritis	osteoarthritis
chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause, with an insidious onset	rheumatoid arthritis
deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation response	gouty arthritis

Created by: evang

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