Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

Normal Size Small Size show me how

ap marieb ch24

Anat and phys Marieb chap 24 nutrition

Question	Answer
A ________ is a substance in food that promotes normal growth, maintenance, and repair	Nutrient
Name 5 nutrients	carbohydrates lipids proteins vitamins minerals
Essential fatty acids _____ and ____ are found in most vegetable oils	Linoleic and linolenic acid
____ are the major fuel of hepatocytes and skeletal muscle	lipids
______ help with smooth muscle contraction, control of blood pressure and inflammation	prostaglandins
________ stabilizes membranes and is a precursor of bile salts and steroid hormones	cholesterol
All-or-none rule	All amino acids needed must be present for protein synthesis to occur
______ will be used as fuel if there is insufficient carbohydrate or fat available	Protein
_________ is a state where the rate of protein synthesis equals the rate of breakdown and loss	Nitrogen balance
Nitrogen balance is ______ if synthesis exceeds breakdown	positive
Most vitamins function as _______	coenzymes
Three vitamins that are synthesized in the body	D B K
Two water soluble vitamins	C B
Four fat soluble vitamins	A D E K
Vitamins _ _ _ are antioxidants	A C E
Name the seven minerals required in moderate amounts	Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, and magnesium
______, ______ and __________ salts harden bone	calcium, phosphorus, magnesium
_____ is essential for oxygen binding to hemoglobin	Iron
_________ is necessary for thyroid hormone synthesis	Iodine
_______ and ______ are major electrolytes in the blood	Sodium and chloride
________ is synthesis of large molecules from small ones	Anabolism
_________ is hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones	Catabolism
In ______________ food fuels are broken down in cells and some of the energy released is captured to form ATP	cellular respiration
_____ is the shifting of phosphate groups to other molecules	phosphrylation
Three stages of processing nutrients	Digestion, absorption and transportation to tissues, cellular processing, oxidative breakdown of intermediates into CO2 , water, and ATP
________ is the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen	Oxidation
_________ substances lose electrons and energy	Oxidized
________ substances gain electrons and energy	Reduced
________ act as hydrogen (or electron) acceptors	Coenzymes
Two types of coenzymes in Redox reactions	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
Name two mechanisms of ATP synthesis	Substrate-level phosphorylation, Oxidative phosphorylation
In _________ high-energy phosphate groups directly transferred from phosphorylated substrates to ADP	Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation occurs in _____ and ______	glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
________ occurs in the mitochondria	Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylatation is carried out by _______ proteins	electron transport
__________ is used to create H+ gradient across mitochondrial membrane	Nutrient energy
Name three ways glucose is catabolized	Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidation of glucose releases ____ ATP	36
____ is a ten step pathway and is ______ and occurs in the _____	10, anaerobic, cytosol
Glucose creates 2 _______	pyruvic acid molecules
Name the three major phases of glycolysis	sugar activation, sugar cleavage, sugar oxidation and ATP formation
Final products of glycolysis are	2 pyruvic acid 2 NADH + H+ (reduced NAD+) Net gain of 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle occurs in ________	mitochondrial matrix
The ________ is fueled by pyruvic acid and fatty acids	Krebs Cycle
Each ______ is converted to acetyl CoA	pyruvic acid
Coenzyme A shuttles ______ to an enzyme of the Krebs cycle	acetic acid
Each acetic acid is decarboxylated and oxidized, generating ____	3 NADH + H+, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2, 1 ATP
_____and ____ are part of metabolism that directly uses oxygen	Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
In Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation hydrogen atoms are split into _________	H+ and electrons
In Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation H+ diffuses back to the matrix via _____	ATP synthase
________ uses released energy to make ATP	ATP synthase
In ______________ electrons are delivered to O, forming O– and O– attracts H+ to form H2O	Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
________ works like an ion pump in reverse	ATP synthase
__________ is when glycogen is formed when glucose supplies exceed need for ATP synthesis	Glycogenesis
___________ is when glycogen breakdowns in response to low blood glucose	Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis forms glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules and occurs mainly in the _____	liver
In lipid metabolism only ________ are routinely oxidized for energy	triglycerides
Triglyceride synthesis occurs when cellular ____ and ____ levels are high	atp, glucose
______ is necessary for complete oxidation of fat	Oxaloacetic acid
___________ couple the movement of substances across membranes to chemical reactions	chemiosmotic processes
_____ is reactions that together complete the oxidation of glucose, yielding C)2, H2O and ATP	cellular respiration
____ is the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid	glycolysis
____ is the polymerization of glucose to form glycogen	glycogenesis
_______ is the hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose monomers	glycogenolysis
____ is the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors	gluconeogenesis
________ is the energy yielding reactions that split H removed during oxidations to H+ and e- and create a proton gradient used to bond ADP to Pi forming ATP	electron transport chain
____ is the conversion of fatty acids to acetyl CoA	beta oxidation
_____ is the breakdown of lipids to fatty acids and glycerol	lipolysis
_______ is the formation of lipids from acetyl CoA and glyceraldehyde phosphate	lipogenesis
______ is the transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to an alpha-ketoglutaric acid, thereby transforming alpha-ketoglutaric acid into glutamic acid	transamination
_________ is the removal of an amine group from glutamic acid as ammonia and regeneration of alpha-ketoglutaric acid	oxidative deamination
Fats and carbohydrates are oxidized directly to create fuel T/F	T
______ can be used to supply energy only after being converted into a carbohydrate intermediate	amino acids
When dietary protein is in excess, amino acids are ______	Oxidized for energy , Converted into fat for storage
Protein synthesis is ______ controlled	hormonally
Name the three interconvertible nutrient pools	amino acids, carbohydrates, fats
The amino acid pool is the body’s ____ supply of free amino acids	total
The amino acid pool is used to _______ and for ________	resynthesizing body proteins and gluconeogenesis
Carbohydrate and fat pools are easily interconverted through ______	key intermediates
During the _______ absorption of nutrients is occurring	absorptive state
During the _______ energy sources are supplied by breakdown of reserves	postabsorptive state
During the absorptive state _____ exceeds ______	anabolism, catabolism
_____ are used by adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal and cardiac muscle as a primary energy source	Triglycerides
During the absorptive state most _______ are used in protein synthesis	amino acids
_______ enhances glucose oxidation and glycogen and triglyceride formation	insulin
During the postabsorptive state _____ of fat, glycogen, and proteins exceeds ______	catabolism, anabolism
_________in the liver, ______ in skeletal muscle, _______ in adipose tissues and the liver, and ______ of cellular protein are sources of blood glucose	Glycogenolysis, Glycogenolysis, Lipolysis, catabolism
During the postabsorptive state glucagon release is stimulated by ______ and _____	declining blood glucose and rising amino acid levels
______ process nearly every class of nutrient	hepatocytes
Name 4 types of lipoproteins	HDL LDL VLDL Chylomicrons
______ Transport triglycerides to peripheral tissues (mostly adipose)	VLDLs
_______ Transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues for membranes, storage, or hormone synthesis	LDLs
_______ Transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver to be broken down and secreted into bile	HDLs
High levels of ______ are thought to protect against heart attack	HDL
High levels of _____ increase the risk of heart attack	LDL
_______ trans fats increase LDLs and reduce HDLs	trans fats
Unsaturated __________ (found in cold-water fish) lower the proportions of saturated fats and cholesterol, have antiarrhythmic effects on the heart, help prevent spontaneous clotting and lower blood pressure	omega-3 fatty acids
_____ energy cannot be used to do work	heat
The two sets of hypothalamic neurons are	LHA and VMN
_____ neurons promote hunger when stimulated by neuropeptides (e.g., NPY)	LHA
______ neurons cause satiety through release of CRH when stimulated by appetite-suppressing peptides (e.g., POMC and CART peptides)	VMN
Short term regulation of food intake is handled by _____, _____ and ________	neural signals nutrient signals, hormone signals
Examples of neural signals in short term regulation of food intake are _____	high protein and distention
Examples of nutrient signals in short term regulation of food intake are ______	blood glucose, amino acids, fatty acids
Examples of hormone signals in short term regulation of food intake are ______	gut hormones (cck and insulin), glucagon and epinephrine, Ghr
The primary long term regulation of food intake is controlled by ________	leptin
Leptin is a _______ secreted by fat cells indicating total energy stores in fat tissue	hormone
Leptin acts on the ARC neurons in the _____________	hypothalamus
Leptin suppresses ____ and stimulates ______	NPY (appetite stimulant), CART peptides (appetite suppressants)
_____ is the total heat produced by chemical reactions and mechanical work of the body	metabolic rate
_____ Reflects the energy the body needs to perform its most essential activities	basal metabolic rate BMR
______ Rate of kilocalorie consumption to fuel all ongoing activities	total metabolic rate TMR
_______ reflects the balance between heat production and heat loss	Body temperature
______ temperature denatures proteins and depresses neurons	Increased
________ temperature remains relatively constant, while ______ temperature fluctuates substantially	core, shell
Name the four mechanisms of heat exchange	radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation
_______ is the loss of heat in the form of infrared rays	Radiation
______ is the transfer of heat by direct contact	Conduction
______ is the transfer of heat to the surrounding air	Convection
______ is the heat loss due to the evaporation of water from body surfaces	Evaporation
Name the two thermoregulatory centers of the hypothalamus	heat loss center, heat promoting center
Name the four involuntary heat promoting mechanisms	Constriction of cutaneous blood vessels, Shivering, Increased metabolic rate via epinephrine and norepinephrine, Enhanced thyroxine release
______ is when elevated body temperature depresses the hypothalamus, Positive-feedback mechanism (heat stroke) begins at core temperature of 41C, and can be fatal if not corrected	Hyperthermia
________ is when heat-associated collapse after vigorous exercise, due to dehydration and low blood pressure, heat-loss mechanisms are still functional and may progress to heat stroke,	Heat exhaustion
________ is when body temperature and vital signs decrease and shivering stops at core temperature of 30 - 32C which can progress to coma a death by cardiac arrest at ~ 21C	Hypothermia
_____ is controlled hyperthermia due to infection (also cancer, allergies, or CNS injuries). Macrophages release interleukins (“pyrogens”) that cause the release of prostaglandins from the hypothalamus	fever

Created by: hkrawietz

Popular Anatomy sets

(PCSOM) Med Term Block 1, 2, 3, & 4

Anatomy & Physiology I - Chapter 5: The Integumentary System

Anatomy - Muscles

Anatomical positions and directional terms

Anatomy & Physiology I - Chapter 7: The Skeleton

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomy & Physiology I - Chapter 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric

Anatomy & Physiology I - Chapter 6: Bone and Skeletal Tissue

12 Cranial Nerve

Body Cavities, Abdominal Regions & Quadrants

Anatomy & Physiology I - Chapter 3 Cells: The Living Units

MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS & HORMONES

"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries: