Anat and phys Marieb chap 24 nutrition
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| A ________ is a substance in food that promotes normal growth, maintenance, and repair | show 🗑
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| show | carbohydrates lipids proteins vitamins minerals
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| Essential fatty acids _____ and ____ are found in most vegetable oils | show 🗑
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| ____ are the major fuel of hepatocytes and skeletal muscle | show 🗑
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| ______ help with smooth muscle contraction, control of blood pressure and inflammation | show 🗑
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| ________ stabilizes membranes and is a precursor of bile salts and steroid hormones | show 🗑
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| show | All amino acids needed must be present for protein synthesis to occur
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| show | Protein
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| show | Nitrogen balance
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| Nitrogen balance is ______ if synthesis exceeds breakdown | show 🗑
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| show | coenzymes
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| show | D B K
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| Two water soluble vitamins | show 🗑
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| Four fat soluble vitamins | show 🗑
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| Vitamins _ _ _ are antioxidants | show 🗑
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| Name the seven minerals required in moderate amounts | show 🗑
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| ______, ______ and __________ salts harden bone | show 🗑
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| _____ is essential for oxygen binding to hemoglobin | show 🗑
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| _________ is necessary for thyroid hormone synthesis | show 🗑
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| _______ and ______ are major electrolytes in the blood | show 🗑
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| show | Anabolism
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| show | Catabolism
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| In ______________ food fuels are broken down in cells and some of the energy released is captured to form ATP | show 🗑
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| show | phosphrylation
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| show | Digestion, absorption and transportation to tissues, cellular processing, oxidative breakdown of intermediates into CO2 , water, and ATP
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| show | Oxidation
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| _________ substances lose electrons and energy | show 🗑
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| show | Reduced
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| show | Coenzymes
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| show | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
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| Name two mechanisms of ATP synthesis | show 🗑
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| In _________ high-energy phosphate groups directly transferred from phosphorylated substrates to ADP | show 🗑
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| Substrate-Level Phosphorylation occurs in _____ and ______ | show 🗑
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| show | Oxidative Phosphorylation
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| show | electron transport
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| show | Nutrient energy
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| Name three ways glucose is catabolized | show 🗑
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| Oxidation of glucose releases ____ ATP | show 🗑
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| show | 10, anaerobic, cytosol
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| show | pyruvic acid molecules
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| Name the three major phases of glycolysis | show 🗑
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| show | 2 pyruvic acid 2 NADH + H+ (reduced NAD+) Net gain of 2 ATP
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| Krebs Cycle occurs in ________ | show 🗑
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| show | Krebs Cycle
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| show | pyruvic acid
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| show | acetic acid
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| Each acetic acid is decarboxylated and oxidized, generating ____ | show 🗑
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| _____and ____ are part of metabolism that directly uses oxygen | show 🗑
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| show | H+ and electrons
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| show | ATP synthase
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| ________ uses released energy to make ATP | show 🗑
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| In ______________ electrons are delivered to O, forming O– and O– attracts H+ to form H2O | show 🗑
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| show | ATP synthase
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| show | Glycogenesis
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| ___________ is when glycogen breakdowns in response to low blood glucose | show 🗑
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| Gluconeogenesis forms glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules and occurs mainly in the _____ | show 🗑
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| show | triglycerides
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| Triglyceride synthesis occurs when cellular ____ and ____ levels are high | show 🗑
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| show | Oxaloacetic acid
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| ___________ couple the movement of substances across membranes to chemical reactions | show 🗑
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| _____ is reactions that together complete the oxidation of glucose, yielding C)2, H2O and ATP | show 🗑
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| ____ is the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid | show 🗑
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| show | glycogenesis
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| _______ is the hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose monomers | show 🗑
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| ____ is the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors | show 🗑
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| show | electron transport chain
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| show | beta oxidation
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| show | lipolysis
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| _______ is the formation of lipids from acetyl CoA and glyceraldehyde phosphate | show 🗑
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| show | transamination
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| _________ is the removal of an amine group from glutamic acid as ammonia and regeneration of alpha-ketoglutaric acid | show 🗑
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| show | T
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| ______ can be used to supply energy only after being converted into a carbohydrate intermediate | show 🗑
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| show | Oxidized for energy , Converted into fat for storage
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| show | hormonally
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| Name the three interconvertible nutrient pools | show 🗑
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| show | total
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| The amino acid pool is used to _______ and for ________ | show 🗑
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| Carbohydrate and fat pools are easily interconverted through ______ | show 🗑
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| show | absorptive state
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| During the _______ energy sources are supplied by breakdown of reserves | show 🗑
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| show | anabolism, catabolism
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| _____ are used by adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal and cardiac muscle as a primary energy source | show 🗑
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| During the absorptive state most _______ are used in protein synthesis | show 🗑
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| _______ enhances glucose oxidation and glycogen and triglyceride formation | show 🗑
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| During the postabsorptive state _____ of fat, glycogen, and proteins exceeds ______ | show 🗑
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| _________in the liver, ______ in skeletal muscle, _______ in adipose tissues and the liver, and ______ of cellular protein are sources of blood glucose | show 🗑
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| show | declining blood glucose and rising amino acid levels
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| show | hepatocytes
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| Name 4 types of lipoproteins | show 🗑
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| ______ Transport triglycerides to peripheral tissues (mostly adipose) | show 🗑
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| _______ Transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues for membranes, storage, or hormone synthesis | show 🗑
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| show | HDLs
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| High levels of ______ are thought to protect against heart attack | show 🗑
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| High levels of _____ increase the risk of heart attack | show 🗑
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| _______ trans fats increase LDLs and reduce HDLs | show 🗑
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| Unsaturated __________ (found in cold-water fish) lower the proportions of saturated fats and cholesterol, have antiarrhythmic effects on the heart, help prevent spontaneous clotting and lower blood pressure | show 🗑
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| show | heat
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| The two sets of hypothalamic neurons are | show 🗑
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| _____ neurons promote hunger when stimulated by neuropeptides (e.g., NPY) | show 🗑
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| show | VMN
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| Short term regulation of food intake is handled by _____, _____ and ________ | show 🗑
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| Examples of neural signals in short term regulation of food intake are _____ | show 🗑
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| Examples of nutrient signals in short term regulation of food intake are ______ | show 🗑
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| Examples of hormone signals in short term regulation of food intake are ______ | show 🗑
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| The primary long term regulation of food intake is controlled by ________ | show 🗑
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| show | hormone
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| show | hypothalamus
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| show | NPY (appetite stimulant), CART peptides (appetite suppressants)
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| _____ is the total heat produced by chemical reactions and mechanical work of the body | show 🗑
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| _____ Reflects the energy the body needs to perform its most essential activities | show 🗑
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| show | total metabolic rate TMR
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| _______ reflects the balance between heat production and heat loss | show 🗑
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| show | Increased
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| ________ temperature remains relatively constant, while ______ temperature fluctuates substantially | show 🗑
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| Name the four mechanisms of heat exchange | show 🗑
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| show | Radiation
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| ______ is the transfer of heat by direct contact | show 🗑
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| show | Convection
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| show | Evaporation
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| show | heat loss center, heat promoting center
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| Name the four involuntary heat promoting mechanisms | show 🗑
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| ______ is when elevated body temperature depresses the hypothalamus, Positive-feedback mechanism (heat stroke) begins at core temperature of 41C, and can be fatal if not corrected | show 🗑
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| show | Heat exhaustion
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| show | Hypothermia
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| show | fever
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