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What are the three tissue layers covering the brain (deep to superficial)?
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What two layers make up the dura mater of the skull?
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Venous sinus
The Meninges and Dural Venous sinuses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three tissue layers covering the brain (deep to superficial)? | The pia mater, the arachnoid, and the dura mater |
| What two layers make up the dura mater of the skull? | The endosteal layer (close to bone) and the meningeal layer (dura mater proper) |
| The endosteal layer of the dura mater DOES NOT extend through the ___ ___ to become continous with the dura mater of the spinal cord. It is continous with the periosteum outside of the ___. | Foramen magnum; skull |
| Describe the meningeal layer of the dura mater proper | Dense, strong, fibrous layer covering the brain |
| What other membrane is the meningeal layer of the dura mater continuous with outside of the skull? | The dura mater of the spinal cord |
| The meningeal layer sends inward (how many?) dural foldings (septa) which separate the regions of the brain; what are they? | (4): falx cerebri; tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, and the diaphragma sellae |
| Sickle shaped fold of dura mater that lies at the midline separating the cerebral hemispheres | falx cerebri |
| What are the attachments of the falx cerebri? | Attached in median plane to inner surface of skull from frontal crest and crista galli anteriorly to the internal occiipital protuberance posteriorly. Inferiorly, blends at midline with tentorium cerebelli |
| Crescent shaped fold which separates the occipital lobes of the brain from the cerebellum | Tentorium cerebelli |
| What is the gap on the anterior side of the tentorum cerebelli called? What is it for? | tentorial notch; allows for passage of the midbrain |
| What are the attachments of the tentorium cerebelli? | clinoid processes (of the sphenoid bone), the superior borders of the petrous temporal bones; and the margins of the grooves for the transverse sinuses of the occipital bones |
| What is attached to the superior surface of the tentorium cerebelli? | The falx cerebri |
| Small, sickle shaped fold lying inferior to the tentorium cereblli | Falx cerebelli |
| What does the falx cerebelli separate? | The cerebellar hemispheres |
| Small circular fold of dura mater that forms the roof of the sella turcica | Diaphragma sellae |
| What passes through the small opening in the center of the diaphragma sellae? | Infundibular stalk of the hypophysis |
| * Dural venous sinuses: what are they? what layers are they between? where do they drain? | Endothelium lined spaces between periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater; all blood from the brain eventually drain through them to the internal jugular veins |
| * What areas are drained by the dural venous sinuses? | Brain, skull, orbid, and internal ear |
| Where is the superior sagital signus? Where does it begin? | Attached to the upper border of the falx cerebri; begins anteriorly at foramen cecum and ends at the CONFLUENS OF THE SINUSES near the the internal occipital protuberance |
| * What sinuses meet at the confluense of the sinuses? | superior sagital, straight, occipital, and transverse sinuses |
| What are the venous lacunae? | "Lakes of blood" that communicate with superior sagital sinus |
| * What are arachnoid granulations? | Collections of arachnoid villi; they potrude through the meningeal layer of the dura into the dural venous sinuses-->transfer CSF into the venous system |
| Where is the inferior sagital sinus? | Occupies the free inferior margin of the falx cerebri |
| Where does the inferior sagittal sinus continue into? | The straight sinus, after joining with the great cerebral vein of Galen |
| What does the great cerebral vein of galen do? | Drain the deep structures of the brain |
| Where is the straight sinus located? Where does it go? | Occupies the line of junction between the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli; joins the confluens of the sinuses |
| Where are the transverse sinuses? | Paired structures that begin at the internal occipital protuberance and course along the attached margins of the tentorium cerebelli |
| Where do the transverse sinuses drain? | They drain at the confluens of the sinuses |
| Where are the sigmoid sinuses? Where do they drain? | Direct communications of the TRANSVERSE SINUSES, forming s-shaped grooves in the temporal and the occipital bones; coninues in the jugular foramen as the INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN |
| Where are the cavernous sinuses? | Situated on each side of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone |
| Where do the cavernous sinuses receive blood from? | The superior and inferior opthalmic veins; sphenoparietal sinuses; and cerebral veins |
| The cavernous sinuses are drained by ... | Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses; pterygoid venous plexus |
| What structures pass through the cavernous sinus? | Pituatary gland (middle), CN III, IV, VI, and V1 and V2; and the internal carotid artery |
| The pia-arachnoid membrane and the pia mater develop from a single embryonic membrane know as the _____ | leptomeninx |
| What is the arachnoid membrane? | A delicate, impermeable membrane separated from the dura by a potential space, the subdural space and from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space |
| The subarachnoid space is filled with what fluid? Where does it come frome? | Cerebrospinal fluid; choroid plexuses |
| What are the arachnoid villi? | Projections of the arachnoid that protrude into the venous sinuses; aggregations of the arachnoid villi and granulations are most numerous along the superior sagittal sinus and lateral venous lacunae; sites where CSF can go back into venous circulation |
| Is the pia mater vascularized? Where is it? | Yes; closely invests the brain |
| Describe the blood supply to the dura mater | Arteries are small except for the middle meningeal artery; fibrous tissue doesn't really require that much blood (most of it goes to surrounding bone) |
| * What nerves innervate the dura mater of the anterior cranial fossa? | Meningeal branches of the anterior ethmoidal nerve from the opthalmic nerve (CN V1) [floor and anterior parts of the falx cerebri]; tentorial branch of opthalmic nerve [tentorium cerebelli and posterior part of falx cerebri] |
| * What nerves supply the middle cranial fossa | Meningeal branches of the maxillary nerve [V2]; supplied laterally by meningeal branch of mandibular nerve (CN V3) following distribution of middle meningeal artery |
| * What nerve supplies the posterior cranial fossa? How do they get there? | Meningeal branches of the FIRST THREE CERVICAL NERVES; enter fossa through foramen magnum, jugular foramen [past vagus], and hypoglossal canal [past hypoglossal]; |
| Do the meningeal nerve branches carry any sympathetics? | Yes, all of them carry postganglionic sympathetics from the superior cervical ganglion |
| Of the following, which is enervated with sensory nerve endings: brain, pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater? | Dura mater only; abundant along dural venous sinuses and middle meningeal artery; stimulation may cause referred pain to face |
| What is the clinical significance of the cavernous sinus? | Important structures pass through it (see previous question); communicate ant. with facial vein via opthalmic veins and inferiorly with pterygoid venous plexus and posteriorly with basilar plexus (communicates with internal vertebral plexus); NO VALVES :( |
| Describe the clinical significance of an epidural hematoma | injuries to the meningeal arteries (esp. middle meningeal)-->blood collects between periosteal layer of dura mater and skull-->intercranial pressure rises-->clot may exert pressure on motor area of cerebral cortex |
| Describe the clinical significance of a subdural hematoma | Results from tearing of superior cerebral veins where they enter the superior sagital sinus; blood from torn veins acumulates in space between dura mater and arachnoid membrane |
| Describe the clinical significance of a subarachnoid hemorrhage | Results from leakage of blood into subarachnoid space. Often results in leakage or rupture of congenital aneurysm on circle of Willis |
Created by:
karkis77
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