Help
Options
Question
3 types of cartilage in skeletal tissue
click to flip
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't know
Question
Hyaline cartilage and skeletal tissue
Remaining cards (84)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Ch. 6 bones
Bone and skeletal tissues
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 types of cartilage in skeletal tissue | 1.Hyaline 2.Elastic 3.Fibrocartilage |
| Hyaline cartilage and skeletal tissue | Found at the end of long joints (ex. ribcage, nose, and trachea); extremely abundant; flexible but firm and sturdy; decreases friction |
| Elastic cartilage and skeletal tissue | More flexible than hyaline due to more elastic fibers and less collagen; able to withstand stretching; found in epiglottis |
| Fibrocartilage and skeletal tissue | Found in vertebral pads and pubic symphasis; compressible due to high tensile strength; a good example is also the meniscus (pad in the knee) lays on top of the tibia and withstands compression from femur |
| Cartilage growth | 1.Appositional growth 2.Interstitial growth |
| Appositional growth | "outside"; most common/abundant growth; Cartilage forming cells (chondroblasts) secrete new matrix on external surface |
| Interstitial growth | "within"; lacunae chondrocytes proliferate/secrete matrix inside cartilage; Very slow type of growth |
| 5 Vital functions of bone | 1.Support- supports organs (structural) 2.Protection- skull, spinal chord, ribcage 3.Movement- levers (muscle attachments) 4.Mineral storage- release and store calcium and phosphate 5.Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis within marrow cavities |
| 2 Regions of skeletal bones | 1.Axial 2.Appendicular |
| Axial skeleton | long axis; skull, vertebral column |
| Appendicular skeleton | upper and lower limbs; girdles; pelvic girdle, leg bones, carpals, ect. |
| 4 Bone shapes | 1.Long bones 2.Short bones 3.Flat bones 4.Irregular bones |
| Long bones | longer than they are wide; ex. femur |
| Short bones | cube-shaped; ex. bones in wrist and ankle; alson bones within tendons like the patella |
| Flat bones | Thin and flattened; usually a bit curved; ex. sternum, skull bones, rib bones |
| Irregular bones | Bones with complicated and abnormal shapes; ex. hip bones, vertebra |
| Bones adapt to form... | landmarks consistent with their use (bulges, depressions, and holes) |
| Landmarks of bone | (bulges, depressions, and holes) Serve as sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments and tendons; form joint surfaces (ball and socket); conduits for blood vessels and nerves (holes) |
| 2 Types of bone | 1.Compact bone 2.Spongy bone |
| Compact bone | usually on outer surface of bones; smooth and solid; formed by collagen that has been mineralized |
| Spongy bone (anatomy) | pours bone found inside bones or in between compact bone; looks like a sponge; never found by itself but will always be incased by compact bone; is made up of "struts" of bone |
| Spongy bone (functions/physiology) | Not soft; struts distribute (or spread out) stress over a surface of compact bone which helps keep the stress off one small area; bone marrow is found within the spongy bone |
| Anatomy of long bones | Head- proximal epiphysis which contains spongy and compact bone, there is also an epiphysis at the opposite end of the bone Shaft- diaphysis which contains only compact bone (2-epiphyses 1-diaphysis) |
| Diaphysis | Hollow/tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones; composed of compact bone that surrounds medullary cavity; yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the medullary cavity |
| Medullary Cavity | Hollow tube in the center of the long bones that houses yellow marrow |
| Epiphyses | Expanded ends of long bones; exterior is compact bone and interior is spongy bone; Joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage |
| epiphyseal line | Old (closed) growth plate; Growth plates seal as we age; defines (or divides) epiphyses from diaphysis |
| Articular (hyaline) cartilage in joints | left over from embryo |
| 2 Layers of connective tissue in long bones | 1.Endosteum 2.Periosteum |
| Endosteum | Inside the bone shaft; lines the medullary cavity and surrounds bone marrow; next to bone cells |
| Periosteum | Around the bone; contains perforating (Sharpey's) fibers that connect the tissue to the bone; double-layered protective membrane (outer and inner layer); contains rich supply of nerves and blood vessels |
| Outer layer of periosteum | Dense irregular tissue |
| Inner layer of periosteum | Osteoclasts and osteoblasts |
| 4 Types of bone cells | 1.Osteogenic cell- stem cell 2.Osteoblast- bone growth, building 3.Osteocyte- maintains bone, repairs 4.Osteoclast- bone-resorbing cells that use enzymes and acid to break down bone cells; breaks down bone |
| Osteons (definition) | The ring looking structures in bone; basic structure of compact bone |
| Osteons are made of... | Concentric layers of mineralized collagen; mineralizing helps make structure harder; |
| Concentric layers are made of... | Collagen fibers that spiral upwards and make each lamellae (ring); the spiraled collagen fibers make a stronger structure |
| Central (Haversian) Canal | In the middle of the osteon; and contains blood vessels (nutrients) and nerve fibers |
| Volkman's canals | Run across bone perpendicular to the central canals and carry blood vessels for nutrients to many different osteons |
| Lacunae | Houses osteocytes and are located between the lamellae (rings) of the osteon |
| Short, irregular, and flat bones have... | Spongy and compact bone |
| Connective tissues in short, irregular, and flat bones | Thin plates of periosteum cover compact bone on the outside; endosteum covers spongy bone on the inside |
| Hematopoietic tissue | "Red marrow"; this is where red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are made |
| Red marrow (hematopoietic tissue) in infants | When born all bone marrow is red; found in medullary cavity of diaphysis and all areas of spongy bone; Most turns yellow at puberty; most of the red blood cells that will remain throughout your life are made in the red marrow when your an infant |
| Red marrow (hematopoietic tissue) in adults | trabeculae (a network of fine spicules) of flat bones; head of femur and humerus ONLY (not in any other long bones or in the bottom epiphyses of the femur or humerus); only about half of the marrow in adults is red marrow |
| Inorganic chemical composition of bone | Hydroxyapatites or mineral salts- 65% of bone by mass; many calcium phosphates; responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression |
| Ossification (osteogenisis) | "Making of bone"; embryo- formation of bony skeleton; until adulthood- bone growth; adult- bone remodeling |
| Embryo bone development (2 types) | 1.Membrane bone 2.Endochondral bone |
| Membrane bone (embryo bone development) | intramembranous ossification; making of bone between membranes; forms flat bones; replacement of connective tissue membrane sheets with bone |
| Definition of endochondral bone (embryo bone development) | Endochondral ossification; REPLACES cartilage with bone does not TURN cartilage into bone; This process forms long bones |
| Step 1 of Endochondral bone (embryo bone development) | A hyaline cartilage model is formed and will continue to grow and look more like a bone while actual bone is being formed; The model has a "bony collar" on either side of the model |
| Step 2 of Endochondral bone (embryo bone development) | The chondroblasts become chondrocytes and a pH change initiates calcification of the cartilage; cartilage model continues to grow |
| Step 3 of Endochondral bone (embryo bone development) | Nutrient artery penetrates middle diaphysis or through the bony collar and osteoblasts form and deposit spongy bone; as more bone is being made the bone gets closer and closer to each diaphysis |
| Step 4 of Endochondral bone (embryo bone development) | While osteoclasts break down spongy bone to form the marrow cavity the osteoblasts replace spongy bone with compact bone in the diaphysis; meanwhile the epiphyses are penetrated with a nutrient artery and being for form spongy bone (starts in center) |
| Step 5 of Endochondral bone (embryo bone development) | Left over hyaline cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphyses is turned into the epiphyseal plate or growth plate and continues bone growth; cartilage left outside epiphyses is turned into articular cartilage in joints |
| Epiphyseal plate functions | growth occurs along this line adjacent to the bone shaft; the growth occurs in the diaphysis not the epiphyses |
| Epiphyseal zones | 1.Growth zone 2.Hypertonic zone 3.Calcification zone 4.Ossification zone |
| Growth zone | near epiphyses; in this zone cartilage cells undergo mitosis and duplicate; above hypertonic zone |
| Hypertonic zone | Zone where cartilage cells enlarge and prepare to die; above calcification zone |
| Calcification zone | Zone where cartilage cells die and calcify; above ossification zone |
| Ossification zone | Zone where new bone is made from calcified cartilage cells; end of diaphysis |
| How epiphyseal plates close | The cycle of bone growth at these plates is continuous; eventually (at puberty) the cartilage cells slow down replication while the osteoblasts continue at the same rate until cartilage is replaced by bone and only a thin epiphyseal line remains. |
| Hormonal control and growth | Growth hormone- stimulates growth; thyroid hormone modulates activity; these hormones work together in that they regulate each other to maintain homeostasis |
| Overview of bone growth | Most growth stops during adolescence and early adulthood; nose and lower jaw continue to grow throughout life; Osteoclasts and osteoblasts continue throughout life reshaping and remodeling bones (bone deposition and resorption) to fit our lifestyles |
| Bone turnover | We turnover about 5-7% of bone mass per week |
| Bone deposit | laying down bone and calcifying it; done by the osteoblasts and results in new bone formation; usually occurs after injury for additional bone strength |
| Vitamins and bones (bone deposit) | Vitamin C- used in collagen synthesis; a deficit will cause scurvy Vitamin D- calcium absorption Vitamin A- balances bone deposit and absorption |
| Minerals and bones (bone deposit) | Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium |
| Bone resorption | Break down of bone matrix; done by osteoclasts; done to raise blood calcium levels or remove necrotic debris |
| Lysosomal enzymes and bone (bone resorption) | digest the organic matrix of bone |
| Acids and bone (bone resorption) | convert Ca2+ salts |
| Bone remodeling is regulated by: | hormonal regulation and mechanical stress |
| Hormonal regulation of bone remodeling | regulate blood calcium levels and homeostasis tightly by a negative feedback loop; the hormones used are calcitonin and parathyroid |
| Calcitonin & parathyroid hormones (bone remodeling) | Calcitonin- secreted by thyroid gland and stimulates osteoblasts and suppresses parathyroid gland Parathyroid hormone- secreted by parathyroid, stimulates osteoclasts and suppresses thyroid gland |
| Mechanical stress and bone remodeling | Ex. femur -Standing causes stress on the femur; to cope the medial side will compress and lateral side will stretch (tensile forces); lateral side contains more collagen while the medial side contains more mineral; bone adapts to the stress put on it |
| Bone homeostatic imbalances (bone disease) | 1.Osteomalacia 2.Osteoporosis 3.Pagets disease |
| Osteomalacia | "soft bone"; inadequate mineralization but plenty of collagen; pain when weighted; called rickets in children; causes bow legs and deformities to pelvis, skull, and ribcage; nutrition- Vitamin D |
| Osteoporosis | Bone resorption is greater than deposit but matrix composition is normal; occurs in spongy bone, femur, neck/spine; hormone replacement therapy can help; height loss due to minor fractures in the spine; most common in women (post menopause) |
| Pagets disease | Excessive bone formation and breakdown; abnormal ratio of spongy bone to compact bone; poor mineralization of new bone; may be viral in origin |
| Bone heals... | similar to embryonic ossification; 5 steps |
| Step 1 of bone healing | Hematoma (clot) forms; injured cells die; swelling, pain, and inflammation; this occurs shortly after break |
| Step 2 of bone healing | White blood cells come to get rid of foreign materials and get rid of dead white blood cells |
| Step 3 of bone healing | Fibrocartilage callus; soft callus (granulation); capillaries form; fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts are not present; occurs 2-4 days after break |
| Step 4 of bone healing | bony callus; spongy bone forms; connects ends of broken bone |
| Step 5 of bone healing | Bone remodeling; begins with bony callus formation; then formation of the medullary cavity; then lastly formation of compact bone |
Created by:
Rootb
Popular Anatomy sets